Growth impact of CO₂emissions caused by tourist arrivals in Turkey

Abstract

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for Turkey by utilizing the autoregressive distributed lag approach to investigate the long-run equilibrium relationships of CO2 emissions between foreign tourist arrivals (FTAs) and electricity consumption (ELC). The results reveal that foreign tourists and ELC are significant determinants of a long-run equilibrium relationship with CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production and CO2 emissions from transport for Turkey, respectively. The results of the conditional error correction models (CECM) confirm that there are long-run causal relationships from the growing number of foreign tourist arrivals and the increase of ELC toward the growth of CO2 emissions during 1960-2010. The results of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) error correction models for CO2 emissions also validate significant dynamic relationships between CO2 emissions, ELC and tourist arrivals in the short run. Design/methodology/approach – ARDL modeling and Bounds test approach were used in this study. Findings – Rapid tourism development in Turkey has triggered CO2 emissions. The growth of CO2 emissions in Turkey threatens sustainability. The hypothesis of “The growth of CO2 emissions in Turkey” is validated. Tourist arrivals, ELC and CO2 emissions are co-integrated. CECMs confirm the growth of CO2 emissions during 1960-2010. ARDL modeling shows significant relationships between CO2 emissions and other variables. Originality/value – Results of ARDL error correction models for CO2 emissions validate the hypothesis that there are significant dynamic relationships between CO2 emissions, ELC and tourist arrivals in Turkey for the short run.

Tourism Development, Environment and Policies: Differences between Domestic and International Tourists

“…The academia has produced considerable research on tourism. However, the majority of these studies independently analyzed domestic and international tourists and found few differences in the natural environment, local government policies, and other factors that affect domestic and international tourists [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. This paper argues that tourists are mainly categorized into two major groups, namely, domestic and international.…”

“…In this study, we mainly consider two major categories of factors, namely air (environment) quality factors such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and PM 2.5 concentrations; and government economic policies such as market-oriented, urbanization, foreign trade, and transportation construction policies. Research has been previously conducted on these factors [7][8][9][12][13][14]16]. Although these studies provide a basis for us to understand the impact of these factors on tourism, we aim to investigate whether these effects differ across domestic and foreign visitors.…”

Prediction of CO2 Emissions Based on the Analysis and Classification of Decoupling

“…The approaches of these studies can be classified into four categories: decomposition analysis [13][14], bottomup analysis [15][16], system optimization [17][18], and econometric approaches [19][20]. Decomposition analysis is the most commonly used method, which encompasses two main decomposition techniques: structural decomposition analysis (SDA) [13] and index decomposition analysis (IDA) [14].…”

“…The third method has been utilized to study the major influencing factors of CO 2 emissions for the European food industry [17], and explore the effect of renewable energy on CO 2 emissions of Japan [18]. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model [19] and vector autoregression (VAR) model [20] are the two common methods of econometric approaches. Yorucu [19] applied the ARDL model to investigate the influence of electricity consumption and foreign tourist arrivals on CO 2 emissions in Turkey's transport industry.…”

“…The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model [19] and vector autoregression (VAR) model [20] are the two common methods of econometric approaches. Yorucu [19] applied the ARDL model to investigate the influence of electricity consumption and foreign tourist arrivals on CO 2 emissions in Turkey's transport industry. Xu et al [20] investigated how the main driving factors of CO 2 emissions have important significance of emission reduction in China using the VAR model.…”