Growth Engineering of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ Structures for High‐Efficiency Solar Cells

Abstract

Controlling the growth of perovskite crystals has been one of the interesting strategies to mold their fundamental properties and exploit their potential in the fabrication of high performance solar cells. Herein, the impact of chloride on the conversion of lead halide into CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , morphology, and coverage of perovskite structures using modifi ed two-step approach is investigated systematically, which eventually dictates the overall performance of the resulting device. Structural and morphological characterization is thoroughly carried out by X-ray diffraction and fi eld emission scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Various spectroscopic techniques provide ample evidence that CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 structures formed in the presence of chloride, in the lead halide precursor solution, exhibit desired properties, such as fewer defects. Moreover, the morphology of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 structures and surface coverage of the resulting layers are considerably different from those obtained in the absence of chloride. After gaining a rational understanding regarding the effect of chloride on the growth, morphology, and optical properties of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 structures, fabrication of devices revealing a power conversion effi ciency of over 16% under standard AM 1.5 G illumination is realized. The fundamental understanding and high effi ciency reported here distinguishes our results, particularly where chloride based precursors are involved.

The Role of Rubidium in Multiple‐Cation‐Based High‐Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells

“…have been documented. [19][20][21][22][37][38][39][40][41]] However, we demonstrate the impact of composition (Rb) of perovskite on the interfacial properties and hysteresis, which renders our study highly pertinent.…”

Stitching triple cation perovskite by a mixed anti-solvent process for high performance perovskite solar cells

“…In 2016, M. Dar and his coworkers studied the impact of chloride on the conversion of lead halide into CH3NH3PbI3. [21] The surface coverage of the perovskite film was effectively improved and material defects were reduced by adding 2% chloride in perovskite precursors. In order to optimize perovskite film quality, solvent engineering, especially mixed-solvent process, was widely investigated.…”

“…), solution deposition is a simple and low-cost way to fabricate high efficiency PSCs. [5][6][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Several researches have been reported in obtaining high quality perovskite films based on growth engineering, solvent engineering and so on. In 2016, M. Dar and his coworkers studied the impact of chloride on the conversion of lead halide into CH3NH3PbI3.…”

CH3NH3Cl Assisted Solvent Engineering for Highly Crystallized and Large Grain Size Mixed-Composition (FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15 Perovskites

“…For example, the additive can provide homogenous nucleation sites to improve uniformity. It can also coordinate with metal ions to decrease the crystallization rate and enlarge crystals [38][39][40], and highly efficient semitransparent perovskite solar cells can be achieved [41,42]. In addition, it can change the surface energy to control the crystal growth direction.…”