Growth and survival of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. fed different dietary levels of astaxanthin. Juveniles

Abstract

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., juveniles, with a mean initial weight of 1.75 g, were fed casein‐based purified diets which had been supplemented with different levels of astaxanthin for a 10‐week period. The astaxanthin content of the diets ranged from 0 to 190 mg kg−1 dry diet. The growth and survival of the juveniles were recorded throughout the experiment. The proximate composition, astaxanthin and vitamin A content were determined from whole‐body samples at the start and termination of the experiment. The dietary treatment was found to affect growth significantly (P < 0.05). A reduction in the mean weight of the juveniles was observed in the groups fed the diets without astaxanthin supplementation. There was no difference in growth rate between the fish in the groups fed the diets containing 36 or 190 mg astaxanthin kg−1 dry diet, whereas the fish in the group fed the diet containing 5.3 mg astaxanthin kg−1 dry diet had a lower growth rate. There was a tendency to higher survival in the groups fed the diets containing astaxanthin when compared with the groups fed the non‐supplemented diets. The moisture and ash contents were significantly lower and the lipid content was higher in the groups fed the astaxanthin‐supplemented diets. The astaxanthin and the vitamin A concentrations in the fish were found to be dependent upon the dietary astaxanthin dose; the highest values were found in the fish fed the diet with the highest astaxanthin content. These results strongly indicate that astaxanthin functions as a provitamin A for juvenile Atlantic salmon. The body storage of vitamin A increased in the fish fed the diets containing astaxanthin. However, the increase was low in the fish fed the diet containing 5.3 mg astaxanthin kg−1 dry diet.

Effects of astaxanthin on antioxidant capacity of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) in vivo and in vitro

“…In the present experiment, the growth performance (FBW, WG, and SGR) and feed utilization of fish fed diet with supplemental astaxanthin were significantly higher than that of fish fed the control diet. This result was in agreement with those in previous studies on Atlantic salmon (Christiansen and Torrissen 1996), red porgy (Kalinowski et al 2011), Astronotus ocellatus (Alishahi et al 2015), and large yellow croaker (Li et al 2014). However, effect of carotenoids on fish growth is controversial.…”

“…Except for its antioxidant capacity, AST is also recognized to have growth performance and survival rate promoting in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (Christiansen and Torrissen 1996) and red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) (Kalinowski et al 2011), skins coloration enhancing in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys croceus) (Yi et al 2014) and Atlantic salmon (Baker et al 2002), anti-lipid peroxidation (Leite et al 2010), and immune response reinforcing in Astronotus ocellatus (Alishahi et al 2015) properties.…”

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“…This is in agreement with previous studies on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Hakan Yanar &. However, in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar the whole-body lipid content was significantly higher in fish fed diets with carotenoids supplementation compared to the control diet (Christiansen and Torrissen, 1996). Similar feeding behavior was found in Tibbetts et al (2010), where feeding with krill meal on cod Gadus morhua (Kalinowski et al, 2007), higher whole-body crude protein, crude lipid and dry matter were found in fish fed with CM diet compared to that fed the control diet.…”

Effects of Different Carotenoids on Pigmentation of Blood Parrot (Cichlasoma synspilum × Cichlasoma citrinellum)

“…Dietary astaxanthin has shown to enhance antioxidant status in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and improve their health [9]. Dietary astaxanthin has shown to enhance antioxidant status in prawn and increase its resistance to various environmental stresses [10].Therefore, besides the function of pigmentation improvement, carotenoids may increase antioxidants capabilities.…”