Effects of Different Carotenoids on Pigmentation of Blood Parrot (Cichlasoma synspilum × Cichlasoma citrinellum)

Abstract

A feeding experiment was carried out to determine the effects of dietary carotenoid source on body color, skin and scale pigmentation, antioxidant responses of blood parrot (Cichlasoma synspilum ♀ × Cichlasoma citrinellum ♂). Seven experimental diets were formulated as following: the control diet without carotenoids; PO diet with 4.0 g/kg paprika oleoresin, HP diet with 2.0 g/kg Haematococcus pluvialis, PR diet with 2.0 g/kg Phaffia rhodozyma, AS diet with 0.4 g/kg synthetic astaxanthin, CA diet with 1.0 g/kg β-carotene and POL diet with 2.0 g/kg paprika oleoresin + 3.0 g/kg lutein. Each experimental diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish to visual satiation twice per day for 8 weeks.The results showed that AS diet turn fish body red higher and sooner, followed by PR diet and HP diet, successively (P < 0.05). PO and CA had no significant effect on improving body color, but POL diet can turn fish color yellow effectively (P < 0.05). Astaxanthin concentration in diet is positively correlated with redness a*, but negatively with lightness L*. Dietary lutein is positive linear correlation with yellowness b*. All carotenoids can significantly reduce plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and lipid peroxide (LPO) level, but increase total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). The present results suggest that dietary inclusion of 0.4 g/kg synthetic astaxanthin can improve body color effectively and quickly, and all test carotenoid source can increase antioxidant activities of blood parrot.

The effect of supplementing diets with extracts derived from three different species of macroalgae on growth, thermal stress resistance, antioxidant enzyme activities and skin colour of electric yellow cichlid (Labidochromis caeruleus )

“…Although CAT activity was not significantly different among dietary treatments in this study, the activity of SOD was significantly decreased in the supplemented diets compared to the control. Similar results were reported when different carotenoids were included in diets of blood parrot ( Cichlasoma synspilum ♀ × Cichlasoma citrinellum ♂) (Li et al, ) and Characins ( Hyphessobry callistus ) (Wang, Chien, & Pan, ), or when astaxanthin (also a carotenoid) was added to diets of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (Christinasen & Torrissen, ). The SOD activity is reduced as a result of reduction of free radicals in fish viscera, possibly because of high content of bioactive component in algal extracts suggesting a requirement for future assaying bioactive compounds such as carotenoids along with the activity of antioxidant enzymes.…”

Enhancement of colour quality, growth, and health status of rainbow Kurumoi fish Melanotaenia parva through dietary synthetic carotenoids supplementation

“…Lutein was disclosed in every feed treatment, except canthaxanthin feed (Table 3, 4, and 5). The astaxanthin provision was able to be retained as lutein which has been reported by Li et al (2016) in blood parrot fish (Cichlasoma synspilum × Cichlasoma citrinellum). It also showed there was no lutein retained in the canthaxanthin feed treatment.…”

“…The ornamental fish feed usually has a lot of specific criteria than common fish. The specific requirement is especially carotenoid pigments to boost or defend the colour quality (Das & Biswas, 2016;Li et al, 2016). Carotenoid functions as an antioxidant (Gramza-Michałowska & Stachowiak, 2016) and induces immune system (Chow et al, 2016).…”

Effects of Natural and Synthetic Astaxanthin on Growth, Body Color, and Transcriptome and Metabolome Profiles in the Leopard Coralgrouper (Plectropomus leopardus)

“…The rate of fish attaining a red color accelerated with increasing astaxanthin in the diet. Additionally, the coloring effect of synthetic astaxanthin was better than that of natural astaxanthin [ 55 ]. However, there was no consistency in the amount of astaxanthin added in their study, which resulted in diets with much higher levels of synthetic astaxanthin than natural astaxanthin.…”