“…Thus, the high reproductive output and number of embryos found in E. oplophoroides in the Cananéia region can be considered a strategy of the species to maximize its reproductive success in an area with a shorter reproductive season. Cananéia (25ºS) is located in a subtropical region in which the seasons are well defined, with rigorous winters and warm summers (Kutner 1972;Garcia et al 2016). As a consequence, the highest primary productivity will occur in the spring-summer period (Pires-Vanin and Matsuura 1993).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Coastal fisheries in southeastern Brazil are currently overexploited due to non-selective trawling (Pezzuto and Benincà 2015). Such methods aim to capture penaeid shrimps such as Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pérez-Farfante 1967), F. brasiliensis (Latreille 1817), Litopenaeus schmitti (Burkenroad 1936), and Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller 1862), which are sold commercially and thus support the subsistence of hundreds of fishermen and those working in regional tourism (Valentini et al 1991;Garcia et al 2016). Because it is non-selective, such fishing methods also affect other non-commercial animals taken in the trawls, known as the bycatch, including the caridean shrimp Exhippolysmata oplophoroides (Holthuis 1948), which shares the same habitat as penaeid shrimps, especially during the reproductive period when females incubate embryos in their abdomen.…”
We studied the shrimp Exhippolysmata oplophoroides in southeastern Brazil (Macaé, 22º37″S; Ubatuba, 23º55″S; and Cananéia, 25º53″S) to test the hypotheses that (1) females should have the same reproductive output and fecundity at the regional scale, and (2) these reproductive parameters can vary among regions. Maximum carapace length (Macaé = 13.1 mm, Ubatuba = 12.8, Cananéia = 16), fecundity, and reproductive output differed among regions (Ancova, p < 0.05). Females in Cananéia exhibited the highest reproductive output/fecundity (18.6%/5230 embryos), followed by those in Macaé (16.0%/4365 embryos) and Ubatuba (12.6%/1206 embryos). We found that fecundity/reproductive output varies inversely with the length of the reproductive season, i.e. a considerable amount of energy is allocated during seasonal spawning periods in subtropical regions such as Cananéia. Previous studies have proved that E. oplophoroides is able to reproduce continuously in Ubatuba, with probably minor but continuous energy investment in reproduction occurring in this tropical region. In contrast, although Macaé is located at tropical latitude, it is under the influence of Cabo Frio upwelling that alters the water's physical properties via cold water intrusion. This process may be a determining factor in the spawning seasonality of Macaé's shrimp population, justifying the higher reproductive output recorded here than in Ubatuba.
“…Thus, the high reproductive output and number of embryos found in E. oplophoroides in the Cananéia region can be considered a strategy of the species to maximize its reproductive success in an area with a shorter reproductive season. Cananéia (25ºS) is located in a subtropical region in which the seasons are well defined, with rigorous winters and warm summers (Kutner 1972;Garcia et al 2016). As a consequence, the highest primary productivity will occur in the spring-summer period (Pires-Vanin and Matsuura 1993).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Coastal fisheries in southeastern Brazil are currently overexploited due to non-selective trawling (Pezzuto and Benincà 2015). Such methods aim to capture penaeid shrimps such as Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pérez-Farfante 1967), F. brasiliensis (Latreille 1817), Litopenaeus schmitti (Burkenroad 1936), and Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller 1862), which are sold commercially and thus support the subsistence of hundreds of fishermen and those working in regional tourism (Valentini et al 1991;Garcia et al 2016). Because it is non-selective, such fishing methods also affect other non-commercial animals taken in the trawls, known as the bycatch, including the caridean shrimp Exhippolysmata oplophoroides (Holthuis 1948), which shares the same habitat as penaeid shrimps, especially during the reproductive period when females incubate embryos in their abdomen.…”
We studied the shrimp Exhippolysmata oplophoroides in southeastern Brazil (Macaé, 22º37″S; Ubatuba, 23º55″S; and Cananéia, 25º53″S) to test the hypotheses that (1) females should have the same reproductive output and fecundity at the regional scale, and (2) these reproductive parameters can vary among regions. Maximum carapace length (Macaé = 13.1 mm, Ubatuba = 12.8, Cananéia = 16), fecundity, and reproductive output differed among regions (Ancova, p < 0.05). Females in Cananéia exhibited the highest reproductive output/fecundity (18.6%/5230 embryos), followed by those in Macaé (16.0%/4365 embryos) and Ubatuba (12.6%/1206 embryos). We found that fecundity/reproductive output varies inversely with the length of the reproductive season, i.e. a considerable amount of energy is allocated during seasonal spawning periods in subtropical regions such as Cananéia. Previous studies have proved that E. oplophoroides is able to reproduce continuously in Ubatuba, with probably minor but continuous energy investment in reproduction occurring in this tropical region. In contrast, although Macaé is located at tropical latitude, it is under the influence of Cabo Frio upwelling that alters the water's physical properties via cold water intrusion. This process may be a determining factor in the spawning seasonality of Macaé's shrimp population, justifying the higher reproductive output recorded here than in Ubatuba.
“…Ubatuba region was sampled monthly from July 2010 to June 2011 from 5 to 15 m deep, this region is at a latitude of 23°S, which make this area a faunal transition zone between two zoogeographic provinces (Boschi 2000) (for more information on samplings at Ubatuba please see Davanso et al 2017). Canan eia region samples were conducted monthly from July 2012 to May 2014 from 5 to 15 m deep (for more information on samplings at Cananeia please see Garcia et al 2016). São Francisco do Sul region was sampled monthly from July 2010 to June 2011 from 5 to 17 m deep (for more information on samplings at São Francisco do Sul please see Stanski et al 2016).…”
Hermit crabs are among the most unique crustaceans because they have a non-calcified pleon, and they often use empty gastropod shells for shelter and protection. The lack of an adequate shell impacts their growth, reproduction and other population features especially because the shell resource might not be found for the entire population or community. This study focuses on the relationship between hermit crabs and their shells using network metrics. We analysed the nestedness, modularity, network specialisation, species specialisation and species role in eight hermit crab communities from two different types of substrate (rock and soft bottom). Most of these communities had a modular and non-nested pattern. Some communities presented different specialisation levels in terms of resource use (generalist or specialist) with species showing different roles across communities. These patterns could be related to the intra-/interspecific competition mechanism and by the resource (shell) usage pattern in the different regions. According to species roles, some species characterised as connectors can be addressed as conservation targets. The network approach in hermit crab/shell relationship proved to be an important tool in assessing their interaction in a community level.
“…Sampling stations were determined with a global positioning system (GPS), and the depths were identified by nautical charts and monitored using a Eureka multiparameter probe. The first four sampling stations were in the oceanic area (I, II and III within the 10-15 m isobaths, and IV within the 5-10 m isobaths), and the other three stations were in the estuarine zone (Mar Pequeno) (V, VI and VII within the 5-10 m isobaths) between Cananéia and Comprida Islands, which is influenced by the freshwater inflow from the Ribeira Iguape River (Besnard 1950;Garcia et al 2016) ( Figure 1).…”
Section: Sample Collectionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the laboratory, shrimp were identified according to Costa et al (2003) and quantified. It is noteworthy that, due to adverse oceanic conditions, the March 2013 sampling was only performed at stations V, VI and VII (for more details see Garcia et al 2016). The reproductive condition of each shrimp was determined by macroscopic examination of the terminal ampoule in males and ovaries in females.…”
This study aimed to describe the ecological distribution and the effects of environmental factor oscillation on the life cycle of Penaeus schmitti along the coastal area of Cananéia, southern São Paulo state, Brazil. Shrimp and environmental factors were sampled monthly from July 2012 to May 2014 at seven sampling stations covering both estuarine and marine environments, using a shrimp fishing boat. A total of 273 juveniles and 829 adults were sampled, and there were significant differences in body size (carapace length -CL) throughout the seasons (ANOVA). Smaller animals were observed in the summers of 2013 and 2014 and at sites closer to the coast, which are under estuarine influence. Adults were observed mostly in autumn and in deeper regions. We detected a positive relationship between the abundance of juveniles and the bottom water temperature and between the abundance of adults and the water salinity (canonical correspondence analysis). The presence of smaller individuals in the estuarine environment demonstrates the importance of the estuaries in this species' ontogeny, mainly concerning their protection, since this environment has physical (depth) and physiological (salinity) barriers to their predators. Furthermore, we could clearly observe the plasticity of juveniles in relation to environmental factors. In contrast, adults were less tolerant to the variation in environmental factors, mainly water salinity, which was a limiting factor of their distribution. Seasonal differences in body size could be directly associated to this species' life cycle and characterized by trophic and reproductive migratory activities between the estuarine and oceanic regions.
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