Growth and differentiation factors for cartilage healing and repair

Plasma rico em plaquetas no tratamento de lesões condrais articulares induzidas experimentalmente em equinos: avaliação clínica, macroscópica, histológica e histoquímica

“…Essa resposta ao tratamento pode ser decorrente da capacidade do PRP em reduzir a resposta inflamatória e inibir enzimas catabólicas, favorecendo a organização do colágeno, a migração e a proliferação celular (Carter et al, 2003). A presença de fatores de crescimento em abundância no PRP também estimula a produção de proteoglicanos pelos condrócitos e acelera a reparação tecidual (Gaissmaier et al, 2008), o que esclarece a melhora no aspecto histoquímico dos cortes corados com azul de toluidina no G1. A melhora morfológica nos animais do G1 foi resultante dos efeitos mitogênico, quimiotáxico e proliferativo do PRP, já citados por Fortier et al (2010) e Milano et al (2010.…”

New perspectives for articular cartilage repair treatment through tissue engineering: A contemporary review

“…Chondrocyte differentiation and the maintenance of function require both transient and long-lasting control through humoral factors, particularly under stress, repair and regeneration in vivo or in vitro. To date, humoral factors from all major classes of molecules are known to contribute: ions (calcium), steroids (estrogens), terpenoids (retinoic acid), peptides (PTHRP, PTH, insulin, FGFs) and complex proteins (IGF-1, BMPs) [17] . BMP-4, a stimulator of chondrogenesis, both in vitro and in vivo, is a potential therapeutic agent for cartilage regeneration.…”

“…Those molecules may reach chondrocytes via free diffusion or may be bound to collagens or proteoglycans on extracellular matrix superstructures, becoming available after metabolic processing of collagens and/or proteoglycans. Depending on their position in the metabolic cascade controlling chondrocyte development and homeostasis, they may be used in tissue engineering and regenerative approaches towards cartilage repair by direct application, carrier-mediated release or genetic delivery [17] .…”

Intra-Articular Injections for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis: Focus on the Clinical Use of Several Regimens

“…Those factors may also be used during intrinsic or artificial repair and induced regeneration. Unfortunately, many of them also appear to accompany degenerative disease processes, such as osteoarthritis, and the question remains as to what extent they are involved in disease processes or whether they are actually a signature of ongoing endogenous repair pathways (Gaissmaier et al, 2008). Paracrine components can be delivered through typical nutrient supply mechanisms, ie, fluid flow under compressive loading, which also delivers blood based hormones, such as insulin and cytokines.…”

“…Paracrine components can be delivered through typical nutrient supply mechanisms, ie, fluid flow under compressive loading, which also delivers blood based hormones, such as insulin and cytokines. Alternatively, certain elements are retained in the extracellular matrix, including Insulin-like growth factor Insulin like growth factor-1 and Insulin like growth factor-binding proteins, or ions, like potassium, which is the major counter ion for sulfate residues on glycosaminoglycans, and calcium (which is stored in mineralized cartilage) bound in part to matrix vesicles and chondrocalcin (collagen type II C-propeptide) (Gaissmaier et al, 2008). The insulin-like growth factor signaling axis is involved in maintenance of matrix metabolism in articular cartilage A demise in metabolic control of cartilage matrix content is the hallmark of degenerative osteoarthritis (Mankin et al, 2000).…”