Growth and competition of several harmful dinoflagellates under different nutrient and light conditions

Recent insights about relationships between nutrient availability, forms, and stoichiometry, and the distribution, ecophysiology, and food web effects of pelagic and benthic Prorocentrum species

“…The planktonic species can acquire nutrients by osmotrophy or mixotrophy; they can take up C even under high pH, generated by their own metabolic activity; and they can produce allelopathic compounds that negatively affect their competitors. Such allelopathic interactions with the gymnodinoids were well demonstrated in cultures and described above (e.g., Handy et al, 2008;Ji et al, 2011;Li et al, 2011b).…”

“…is released in a single pulse during stationary phase (Andersen et al, 1980;Trick et al, 1981Trick et al, , 1984. A suite of competition experiments conducted by Li et al, 2011b further advanced understanding about potential competition between Prorocentrum minimum and Karenia/Karlodinium. These culture studies were conducted at several N:P ratios using different forms of N, and at several light levels.…”

“…In all cases, P. minimum outcompeted K. veneficum or K. brevis (Table 7), consistent with the findings of Handy et al (2008) and Ji et al (2011). However, when the third, potential prey species, Rhodomonas sp., was added, growth of P. minimum was inhibited relative to that of K. veneficum, although growth rates of both dinoflagellate species were low compared to their growth under monoculture or bi-culture conditions (Li et al, 2011b; Table 6). When Synechococcus was added as the third competing species, instead of Rhodomonas, it became the dominant (Li et al, 2011b).…”

“…However, when the third, potential prey species, Rhodomonas sp., was added, growth of P. minimum was inhibited relative to that of K. veneficum, although growth rates of both dinoflagellate species were low compared to their growth under monoculture or bi-culture conditions (Li et al, 2011b; Table 6). When Synechococcus was added as the third competing species, instead of Rhodomonas, it became the dominant (Li et al, 2011b). These findings suggest that, while allelopathy may be important in the competitive outcomes of these species, the competitive advantage of P. minimum can be overcome when K. veneficum is provided a food source that it can graze (here, Rhodomonas sp.)…”

Effect of allelopathic potential from selected aquatic macrophytes on algal interaction in the polluted water

“…Li et al (2012) also got similar results. But eutrophication has a complex effect on algal interactions, which was affected by algal species and growth phase.…”