Abstract:-The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with different sources of energy and nitrogenous compounds on the in vitro growth and production of bacteriocin of lactic acid bacteria. Incubations were performed by using ruminal fluid from a rumen-fistulated Holstein-Zebu steer. The animal was kept on a Brachiaria decumbens pasture receiving 200 g/day of supplemental crude protein. Substrates and inoculum were placed in glass flasks considering eight treatments: cellulose, cellulose… Show more
“…The NFC supply can actually increase the competition between fibrolytic and non-fibrolytic microbial species (EL-SHAZLY; DEHORITY; JOHSON, 1961;MOULD;ØRSKOV;MANN, 1983;COSTA et al, 2009;CARVALHO et al, 2011). In addition, because there is not enough nitrogen for adequate enzyme synthesis, the increase in NFC availability can increase the occurrence of energy spilling reactions in the non-fibrolytic microbial species, which will further decrease the efficiency of microbial growth (STROBEL; RUSSELL, 1986;SOUZA et al, 2010).…”
Section: Utilization Of Low-quality Tropical Foragesmentioning
This review presents and discusses the nutritional and physiological aspects of cattle production under grazing in the tropics. The critical evaluations were based on Brazilian experimental results as well as on basic literature concerning ruminant nutrition. Several associations between the characteristics of the grazed forage, the composition of the supplements and animal and microbial requirements were established. The adopted approach was divided according to two different climatic seasons observed in the tropics: dry and rainy seasons. During the dry season, the main nutritional constraints on animal performance are associated with inherent requirements of the rumen fibrolytic microorganisms. An overall deficiency of nitrogenous compounds is observed in the forage, which compromises forage intake and digestibility. Supplementation with nitrogenous compounds must be a priority in this season to increase forage intake and energy extraction from forage fiber. However, during the rainy season, no constraints on microbial growth are observed. The usual pasture composition presents an unbalanced and high ratio of energy to protein when compared to animal requirements. In such cases, protein supplementation is needed to equilibrate the basal diet and improve the utilization of metabolizable energy and protein.Key words: Cattle production, supplementation, ruminant metabolism, tropical forages
ResumoA presente revisão baseia-se na apresentação e discussão dos aspectos nutricionais da produção de bovinos em pastejo nos trópicos. As avaliações críticas foram calcadas em resultados experimentais obtidos no Brasil bem como na literatura básica relacionada à nutrição de ruminantes. Diversas associações entre características da forragem pastejada, a composição dos suplementos e os requerimentos microbianos e dos animais foram estabelecidas. A abordagem adotada foi organizada de acordo com duas diferentes estações climáticas observadas em regiões tropicais: estação seca e estação chuvosa. Durante a estação seca as principais limitações nutricionais estão associadas a deficiências relacionadas aos requerimentos dos microrganismos fibrolíticos do rúmen. Deficiência global de compostos nitrogenados é verificada na forragem, o que compromete o consumo e a digestão da forragem. A suplementação com compostos nitrogenados deve ser prioritária nesta estação para se incrementar o consumo de forragem e a extração de energia a partir da fibra. Contudo, durante a estação chuvosa não são observadas limitações inerentes ao crescimento microbiano. A composição da forragem revela, em media, uma elevada relação energia:proteína em comparação à mesma relação nos requerimentos dos animais. Nestes casos, a suplementação proteica se faz necessária para equilibrar a dieta basal e melhorar a utilização da energia metabolizável e da proteína metabolizável. Palavras-chave: Forragens tropicais, metabolismo ruminal, produção bovina, suplementação
“…The NFC supply can actually increase the competition between fibrolytic and non-fibrolytic microbial species (EL-SHAZLY; DEHORITY; JOHSON, 1961;MOULD;ØRSKOV;MANN, 1983;COSTA et al, 2009;CARVALHO et al, 2011). In addition, because there is not enough nitrogen for adequate enzyme synthesis, the increase in NFC availability can increase the occurrence of energy spilling reactions in the non-fibrolytic microbial species, which will further decrease the efficiency of microbial growth (STROBEL; RUSSELL, 1986;SOUZA et al, 2010).…”
Section: Utilization Of Low-quality Tropical Foragesmentioning
This review presents and discusses the nutritional and physiological aspects of cattle production under grazing in the tropics. The critical evaluations were based on Brazilian experimental results as well as on basic literature concerning ruminant nutrition. Several associations between the characteristics of the grazed forage, the composition of the supplements and animal and microbial requirements were established. The adopted approach was divided according to two different climatic seasons observed in the tropics: dry and rainy seasons. During the dry season, the main nutritional constraints on animal performance are associated with inherent requirements of the rumen fibrolytic microorganisms. An overall deficiency of nitrogenous compounds is observed in the forage, which compromises forage intake and digestibility. Supplementation with nitrogenous compounds must be a priority in this season to increase forage intake and energy extraction from forage fiber. However, during the rainy season, no constraints on microbial growth are observed. The usual pasture composition presents an unbalanced and high ratio of energy to protein when compared to animal requirements. In such cases, protein supplementation is needed to equilibrate the basal diet and improve the utilization of metabolizable energy and protein.Key words: Cattle production, supplementation, ruminant metabolism, tropical forages
ResumoA presente revisão baseia-se na apresentação e discussão dos aspectos nutricionais da produção de bovinos em pastejo nos trópicos. As avaliações críticas foram calcadas em resultados experimentais obtidos no Brasil bem como na literatura básica relacionada à nutrição de ruminantes. Diversas associações entre características da forragem pastejada, a composição dos suplementos e os requerimentos microbianos e dos animais foram estabelecidas. A abordagem adotada foi organizada de acordo com duas diferentes estações climáticas observadas em regiões tropicais: estação seca e estação chuvosa. Durante a estação seca as principais limitações nutricionais estão associadas a deficiências relacionadas aos requerimentos dos microrganismos fibrolíticos do rúmen. Deficiência global de compostos nitrogenados é verificada na forragem, o que compromete o consumo e a digestão da forragem. A suplementação com compostos nitrogenados deve ser prioritária nesta estação para se incrementar o consumo de forragem e a extração de energia a partir da fibra. Contudo, durante a estação chuvosa não são observadas limitações inerentes ao crescimento microbiano. A composição da forragem revela, em media, uma elevada relação energia:proteína em comparação à mesma relação nos requerimentos dos animais. Nestes casos, a suplementação proteica se faz necessária para equilibrar a dieta basal e melhorar a utilização da energia metabolizável e da proteína metabolizável. Palavras-chave: Forragens tropicais, metabolismo ruminal, produção bovina, suplementação
“…However, in the present study, competition between fibrolytic and non-fibrolytic species may exist (Carvalho et al, 2011) and the enhancement of fibrolytic bacteria (evidenced by an increase in CMCase activity) may be explained by considering the less favoured amylolytic bacteria, which use peptides more efficiently. Moreover, competition for nitrogenous compounds may favour cellulolytic bacteria when amino acids are provided because peptide assimilation by non-fibrolytic bacteria decreases the competitiveness of fibrolytic bacteria, which require more available nitrogen sources, such as amino acids and ammonia.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 69%
“…2 Differentials followed by * are different from zero according to the profile analysis (P<0.10). Table 5 -Concentration of ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid (mg/dL) according to time after supplementation and nitrogen sources (in situ experiment) competition between groups of microbial species (Carvalho et al, 2011) because the favouring of a particular group reduces the production and efficiency of the other group, leading to a redistribution of microbial production among species groups in the environment. Cellulose is a linear polymer composed of β-1,4 glycosidic bonds with a simple primary structure and complex tertiary structure.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In a recent study, Carvalho et al (2011) reported that true protein supplementation stimulates the growth of nonfibrolytic bacteria possibly because this nitrogen source is not well used by fibrolytic bacteria.…”
-Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of supplementation with different nitrogenous compounds on the activities of carboxymethil cellulase (CMCase) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). In the first experiment, four treatments were evaluated in vitro: cellulose, cellulose with casein, cellulose with urea, and cellulose with casamino acids.After 6, 12 and 24 hours of incubation, CMCase and GDH activity, pH, and concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (AN) and microbial protein were measured. In the three incubation periods, the concentration of AN was higher when urea was used as a supplemental source of nitrogen. The activity of CMCase was higher with the addition of urea and casamino acids when compared with the control and the casein treatment. Supplementation with casamino acids provided higher GDH activity when compared with the control at 6 hours of incubation. At 12 hours of incubation, the GHD activity was also stimulated by casein.At 24 hours, there was no difference in GHD activity among treatments. In the second experiment, three rumen-fistulated bulls were used for in situ evaluation. Animals were fed Tifton hay (Cynodon sp.) ad libitum. The treatments consisted of control (no supplementation), supplementation with non-protein nitrogenous compounds (urea and ammonium sulphate, 9:1) and supplementation with protein (albumin). In treatments with nitrogenous compound supplementation, 1 g of crude protein/kg of body weight was supplied. The experiment was conducted in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The measurements were performed at 6, 12 and 24 hours after supplementation. No difference in GDH activity was observed among treatments. The control treatment showed higher CMCase activity when compared with the treatments containing supplemental sources of nitrogen.However, urea supplementation provided higher CMCase activity compared to albumin.
“…Esses efeitos deletérios da suplementação exclusiva com proteína verdadeira sobre a utilização de carboidratos fibrosos, denominados "efeito proteína" (Costa et al, 2009) são comumente observados na literatura (Cone & Van Gelder, 1999;Oliveira et al, 2005) e parecem estar associados ao estímulo sobre o crescimento de espécies não-fibrolíticas, ampliando a competição por substratos essenciais no ambiente ruminal (Carvalho et al, 2011).…”
RESUMO -Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes relações entre proteína verdadeira e nitrogênio não-proteico sobre o consumo e a dinâmica de trânsito e degradação ruminal da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) da forragem em bovinos em pastejo durante o período das águas. Foram utilizados cinco novilhos mestiços Holandês × Zebu, castrados, com peso corporal inicial de 335±35 kg fistulados no rúmen e no abomaso. Os tratamentos foram: controle (somente pasto); e suplementos com ureia; com 2/3 de compostos nitrogenados oriundos da ureia e 1/3 de compostos nitrogenados oriundos da albumina; com 1/3 de compostos nitrogenados oriundos da ureia e 2/3 de compostos nitrogenados oriundos da albumina; e com albumina. effects of supplementation on voluntary intake, except for CP intake, which was increased by supplementation. The replacement of urea by albumin in the supplements caused linear effect on the CP intake. The intakes of the other diet components were not affected by the supplement composition. There was no effect on ruminal rate of passage of fibrous compounds. Supplementation increased the estimates of common rate of lag and degradation of NDF. However, no effect of supplement composition alteration was observed on this parameter. Supplementation of cattle with rumen degradable (protein or non-protein) nitrogenous compounds for grazing cattle during rainy season does not affect voluntary intake of pasture.
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