Growing Bi–Sb gradient single crystals by a modified Czochralski method

Sb-Bi Alloys and Ag-Cu-Pb-Sb-Bi Sulphosalts in the Jialong Cu-Sn Deposit in North Guangxi, South China

“…However, Sb-Bi alloys are rarely reported in deposits [15]. Previous studies have shown that, in geological processes, small amounts of bismuthian antimony [15,17,18] or antimonian bismuth [13,15,19] are formed. Only trace amounts of antimonian bismuth (containing 1.5-13.8 wt % Sb) and bismuthian antimony (containing 13.4 wt % Bi) are present in the Tanco pegmatite in Canada [15].…”

“…Much of the research on Sb-Bi alloys has involved materials science applications [13]. The reported occurrences of Sb-Bi alloys include antimonian bismuth in the Loddiswell quartz carbonate vein mine, southwest England [14], the Tanco pegmatite, Canada [15], the Skrytoe scheelite skarn deposit, Russia [16] and the Katerina coal mine in the Czech Republic [17], bismuthian antimony in the Viitaniemi pegmatite, Finland [18], and from the Sulitjelma VMS-type deposit in Norway [19].…”

Growth of Sb Bi1− gradient single crystals by the Czochralski method with Bi feed

“…The effective distribution coefficient K e for Bi was calculated according to Burton et al [13], Wilson [14] and Ostrogorsky and Mü ller [15] similar to Refs. [11,16]. The properties of the melt [17] and growth parameters for these calculations are given in Table 1.…”

“…It is well known [5,8,11] that the segregation depends on the growth rate, which influences the effective distribution coefficient. Bi concentration in the melt strongly increases during the Sb x Bi 1Àx gradient crystal growth, but its dissolution is limited by diffusion and convection.…”

“…The gradient projection method for growth of the graded single crystals was developed [9,10]. A promising variant for pulling these graded single crystals is a modified Czochralski method with a solid Sb feed [11].…”