Grouper (Epinephelus coioides) CXCR4 is expressed in response to pathogens infection and early stage of development

The CXC chemokine receptors of fish: Insights into CXCR evolution in the vertebrates

“…In rainbow trout, VHSV infection up-regulates CXCR4 expression in the gills and CD8+ cells (Aquilino et al, 2014). Interestingly, in orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), CXCR4 expression is significantly up-regulated in the eye and brain where nervous necrosis virus infection and replication take place (Lin et al, 2012), suggesting it may be involved in neuron pathology in these tissues. Stress can also induce CXCR4b expression, as seen in Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) exposed to high concentrations of nitrate (Zhang et al, 2013).…”

“…Fish CXCR4s are detected in immune tissues and lymphocytes (Daniels et al, 1999;Jia and Zhang, 2009;Lin et al, 2012;Yeh and Klesius, 2010;Zhang et al, 2013). In rainbow trout, VHSV infection up-regulates CXCR4 expression in the gills and CD8+ cells (Aquilino et al, 2014).…”

Divergent Expression Patterns and Function of Two cxcr4 Paralogs in Hermaphroditic Epinephelus coioides

“…Cxcr4a and cxcr4b have been identified in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) [ 25 , 26 ], Asian swamp eel ( Monopterus albus ) [ 27 ], and channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) [ 28 ]. In addition, one paralog of cxcr4 has been characterized in several telesots [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]: medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) [ 29 ], turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus ) [ 30 ], orange-spotted grouper ( Epinephelus coioides ) [ 31 ], and so on. The expression and function of cxcl12s - cxcr4s have been well documented in zebrafish [ 4 ].…”

“…The expression and function of cxcl12s - cxcr4s have been well documented in zebrafish [ 4 ]. Additional studies have focused on the dynamic expression changes in response to pathogens or hypoxia stress [ 28 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. However, detailed research on comparative synteny and evolution analysis, and divergent expression patterns and function of the two cxcr4 paralogs in teleost is scarce.…”

“…The repertoire of chemokine receptors varies in each species owing to their rapid evolution through species-specific gene duplications [ 3 ]. In a previous study, one paralog of cxcr4 , gCXCR4, was identified in orange-spotted grouper and revealed its up-regulated expression in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection [ 31 ]. However, whether another paralog of cxcr4 exists in the grouper genome, and the divergent expression pattern and function between the two paralogs in grouper are unclear.…”