“…Most studies explore the donor-beneficiary relationship, including the impact of images in fundraising appeals, from the donors perspective 3 (for example, Eayrs and Ellis, 1990;Adler et al, 1991;Miller et al, 1993;Doddington et al, 1994;Schlegelmilch et al, 1997;Barnett and Hammond, 1999;Diamond and Gooding-Williams, 2002;Hibbert et al, 2007;O'Dell, 2008;Hung and Wyer Jr., 2009;Small and Verrochi, 2009). One reason for the focus on how images impact on donors, and for the negligible interest on their effect on beneficiaries, is that theories of philanthropy tend to be exclusively concerned with the philanthropist, leaving the recipient 'absent' from the formulation (Ostrander, 1989: 229).…”