Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC2): Type 2 Immunity and Helminth Immunity

Herbert, De’Broski R.; Douglas, Bonnie; Zullo, Kelly

doi:10.3390/ijms20092276

Cited by 80 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 82 publications

(153 reference statements)

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“…However, the immune response is still Th2-oriented because a strong eosinophilic response in the polyps is observed. Other cells can then stimulate the Th2 response, such as innate lymphoid type 2 cells, which have been shown to play a role in triggering the Th2 response to helminth infection (including filariasis) by secreting specific cytokines [ 57 , 58 ]. This response plays an important role in the observed pathology because in the absence of eosinophils, the pleura of mice does not show any signs of hyperplasia and therefore protects against fibrosis [ 24 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfilaria-dependent thoracic pathology associated with eosinophilic and fibrotic polyps in filaria-infected rodents

et al. 2020

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Background Pulmonary manifestations are regularly reported in both human and animal filariasis. In human filariasis, the main known lung manifestations are the tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome. Its duration and severity are correlated with the presence of microfilariae. Litomosoides sigmodontis is a filarial parasite residing in the pleural cavity of rodents. This model is widely used to understand the immune mechanisms that are established during infection and for the screening of therapeutic molecules. Some pulmonary manifestations during the patent phase of infection with L. sigmodontis have been described in different rodent hosts more or less permissive to infection. Methods Here, the permissive Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) was infected with L. sigmodontis. Prevalence and density of microfilariae and adult parasites were evaluated. Lungs were analyzed for pathological signatures using immunohistochemistry and 3D imaging techniques (two-photon and light sheet microscopy). Results Microfilaremia in gerbils was correlated with parasite load, as amicrofilaremic individuals had fewer parasites in their pleural cavities. Fibrotic polypoid structures were observed on both pleurae of infected gerbils. Polyps were of variable size and developed from the visceral mesothelium over the entire pleura. The larger polyps were vascularized and strongly infiltrated by immune cells such as eosinophils, macrophages or lymphocytes. The formation of these structures was induced by the presence of adult filariae since small and rare polyps were observed before patency, but they were exacerbated by the presence of gravid females and microfilariae. Conclusions Altogether, these data emphasize the role of host-specific factors in the pathogenesis of filarial infections.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfilaria-dependent thoracic pathology associated with eosinophilic and fibrotic polyps in filaria-infected rodents

et al. 2020

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“…e functions of activated macrophages are regulated by mediators produced by T cells. e classically activated macrophages (M1) are regulated by interferon (IFN)-c and LPS [24], while alternatively activated macrophages (M2) are produced in response to IL-4 or IL-13 [25]. M2 macrophages have been shown to play a role in relief of inflammation and thus have decreased capacity to produce cytokines.…”

Section: Macrophages In Periodontitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of Cathepsins in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Periodontitis

Wang

et al. 2020

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Periodontitis is an infectious disease whereby the chronic inflammatory process of the periodontium stimulated by bacterial products induces specific host cell responses. The activation of the host cell immune system upregulates the production of inflammatory mediators, comprising cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, which contribute to inflammation and bone destruction. It has been well known that periodontitis is related to systemic inflammation which links to numerous systemic diseases, including diabetes and arteriosclerosis. Furthermore, periodontitis has been reported in association with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the brain. Regarding immune responses and inflammation, cathepsin B (CatB) plays pivotal role for the induction of IL-1β, cathepsin K- (CatK-) dependent active toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling, and cathepsin S (CatS) which involves in regulating both TLR signaling and maturation of the MHC class II complex. Notably, both the production and proteolytic activities of cathepsins are upregulated in chronic inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. In the present review, we focus on the roles of cathepsins in the innate and adaptive immune responses within periodontitis. We believe that understanding the roles of cathepsins in the immune responses in periodontitis would help to elucidate the therapeutic strategies of periodontitis, thus benefit for reduction of systemic diseases as well as neurodegenerative diseases in the global aging society.

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“…These collections does not initially express any specific antigen on receptors [30]. These lymphoid cells believed to orchestrate adaptive immune system, type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC 2), activities were able to demarcating ILC 2 functions, especially in helminth infection [31] (Figure 3).…”

Section: Innate Lymphoid Cells (Ilcs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The system polarize into three different innate lymphoid cell populations; ILC 1 via expression of Tbx 21/T-bet [36,37] that predominantly express IFN-γ The ILC 2 bundle is acted upon by GATA 3 and RORα factors. The RORα is an absolute requirement for the development of ILC 2 bundle which expresses IL 5 and IL 13 [27,31]. Literature citations show that development of ILC 2 is rather primitive.…”

Section: Innate Lymphoid Cells (Ilcs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These cells are also present in the bone marrow, spleen, liver, kidney, and adipocyte tissue [38]. When parasites drive the immune reaction to produce goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus production, smooth muscle hypercontractility and ultimately worm expulsion [31] (Figure 4). ILC 2 group, important in helminth infection, is further categorized into (i) natural and inflammatory (ii) cytokines responsive groups [41].…”

Section: Types Of Ilc and Activation Of Ilc 2 And Release Of Various mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Goat Immunity to Helminthes

Ayaz¹,

Sheikh²,

Aziz³

et al. 2020

Goats (Capra) - From Ancient to Modern

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Goat hematology, especially, shares considerable attention since the last 1980s. Large number of discrepant normal hematologic values is reported. The discrepancies resulted came from the differences in age group, breed, and health standing of goats. This makes it further complex with variances in climate of the region, its environment, and size and methodology applied. With time, many inconsistencies, reasonably standardization in normal caprine kinetic hematologic values, are in place. Both goats and sheep are infested by the same key digestive tract helminthes (DTHs) diseases. Helminthes are exceedingly ubiquitous worm parasites that progressed to adopt with many erudite means to evade host immune system.

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Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC2): Type 2 Immunity and Helminth Immunity

Cited by 80 publications

References 82 publications

Microfilaria-dependent thoracic pathology associated with eosinophilic and fibrotic polyps in filaria-infected rodents

Microfilaria-dependent thoracic pathology associated with eosinophilic and fibrotic polyps in filaria-infected rodents

Involvement of Cathepsins in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Periodontitis

Goat Immunity to Helminthes

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