Involvement of Cathepsins in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Periodontitis

Abstract

Periodontitis is an infectious disease whereby the chronic inflammatory process of the periodontium stimulated by bacterial products induces specific host cell responses. The activation of the host cell immune system upregulates the production of inflammatory mediators, comprising cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, which contribute to inflammation and bone destruction. It has been well known that periodontitis is related to systemic inflammation which links to numerous systemic diseases, including diabetes and arteriosclerosis. Furthermore, periodontitis has been reported in association with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the brain. Regarding immune responses and inflammation, cathepsin B (CatB) plays pivotal role for the induction of IL-1β, cathepsin K- (CatK-) dependent active toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling, and cathepsin S (CatS) which involves in regulating both TLR signaling and maturation of the MHC class II complex. Notably, both the production and proteolytic activities of cathepsins are upregulated in chronic inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. In the present review, we focus on the roles of cathepsins in the innate and adaptive immune responses within periodontitis. We believe that understanding the roles of cathepsins in the immune responses in periodontitis would help to elucidate the therapeutic strategies of periodontitis, thus benefit for reduction of systemic diseases as well as neurodegenerative diseases in the global aging society.

Characterization of a Novel Cysteine Protease Inhibitor from Poultry Red Mites: Potential Vaccine for Chickens

“…Here, we revealed that Dg-Cys is expressed in the midgut and ovaries, but not in the salivary glands of PRMs, suggesting that it plays important roles in blood digestion and embryogenesis. In addition, recombinant Dg-Cys-his inhibited the enzymatic activities of cathepsins L and S, which mediate innate immunity and antigen processing [34,35], suggesting that it might be associated with the modulation of host immunity. In contrast, consistent with previous reports of several cystatins [13,15,36], Dg-Cys did not interrupt the enzymatic activity of cathepsin B, thus indicating the selectivity and/or specificity of Dg-Cys against its target cysteine proteases.…”

Clinical Effect and Aesthetic Observation of All-on-4 Immediate Loading Implant Denture in Severe Periodontitis

“…The early symptoms of this disease are not obvious, but with the progress of the disease, there may occur loosening and shedding of teeth, soft tissue inflammation, alveolar bone absorption, and other symptoms. Some patients have developed into severe periodontitis [ 2 ]. According to the research survey, in 2010, the incidence of severe periodontitis was about 11% among people over 15 years old in the world, the incidence of severe periodontitis was about 12.1%–16.1% in China, and the incidence increased with the increase in age and ranking sixth among the global epidemic diseases [ 3 ].…”

Commensal oral microbiota induces osteoimmunomodulatory effects separate from systemic microbiome in mice

“…antigen presentation pathways can promote one another, due to similar processing of ligands/antigens within endosomal cellular compartments (61)(62)(63). MHC class II antigen processing and presentation is a critical pathway for professional antigen-presenting cells, such as B-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), to determine what antigens are self vs. foreign.…”