Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Water Quality Index Technique: A Case Study of Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq.

Abstract

The quality of groundwater is a global concern that is usually assessed using quality indices. The Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI) alongside with Geographical Information system (GIS) were adopted to evaluate the quality of Kirkuk’s groundwater in terms of its suitability for drinking, irrigation, aquatic, recreational purposes, and livestock uses, in 60 wells within the time period of 2017 to 2019. The groundwater quality was assessed depending on Iraq’s and world health organization (WHO) guidelines. The Iraqi standards were used for drinking purposes. The WHO standards were used for irrigation, aquatic, recreational, and livestock purposes. Both standards were incorporated in CWQI Excel Spreadsheet to evaluate the groundwater quality for studied wells. Samples were collected and analyzed for 15 major parameters. According to the CWQI, groundwater samples obtained were classified as marginal in 2017 and 2018; while poor water for drinking was observed in 2019.

Seasonal Flooding Impact on Land Surface Temperature(LST) in Response to Vegetation Index Using Spectral Radiance Model in Kirkuk, Iraq

“…After radiometric and geometric corrections of the satellite images using ENVI 5.3, two satellite images for each season were mosaicked, corrected, subsetted, and analyzed using ArcGIS 10.8. The NDVI was calculated first to be used in LST estimation later on, which commonly ranges between -1 to +1 [23] the threshold values are set depending on the satellite characteristics, land cover properties, sun angle, and time [24] .…”

تقييم نوعية مياه الآبار للاستخدام المنزلي في ناحية فايدة، جنوب محافظة دهوك، إقليم كردستان – العراق

“…The maximum permissible limit of Mg +2 concentration of drinking water is specified as 100 mg/l. The Iraqi drinking water standard has less than 50 mg/L Mg. Increasing of Mg +2 may be due to continuous weathering of aquifer material 1,25 .…”

“…The water quality, whether used for domestic drinking, purposes, recreational purposes or food production has an important impact on health 1 . The challenges posed by the difficulties in attaining unhindered and sustainable access to potable water supply have resulted in people seeking alternative means of water supply amongst others, like bore-holes, anddeep and shallow hand-dug wells.…”

“…Wastewater from the septic tank flows into well water, which is used for domestic purposes. Freshwater pollution by wastewater can come from septic tanks, raw wastewater, leaks in sewer pipes, and partially untreated wastewater 1,5 . Well water has become the main source of water in villages to meet livestock, agricultural and domestic needs (including drinking water).…”