Groundwater Hydrogeochemical and Quality Appraisal for Agriculture Irrigation in Greenbelt Area, Iraq

Abstract

This study highlights the groundwater hydrogeochemical characteristics and processes (hydrochemistry characteristics, ion exchange, and salinization) and quality suitability assessment for irrigation purposes from five wells in the Greenbelt area located in northwestern Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq. The suitability of groundwater for irrigation was assessed based on the irrigation water quality index (IWQI) for thirteen parameters and groundwater quality indices such as total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percent (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), total hardness (TH), permeability index (PI), potential salinity (PS), Kelley’s ratio (KR), and magnesium hazard ratio (MHR). The IWQI’s average values ranged between 76–139. The results of IWQI for the first and second sampling sites showed values of 139 and 104, respectively, indicating that the groundwater was unsuitable and unsafe for irrigation. In contrast, the IWQI for the third, fourth, and fifth sites were 83, 97, and 76, respectively, indicating that the groundwater was safe and possibly used for irrigation. The EC, TDS, PS, and MHR indices were all found to be unsuitable for irrigation in all five sites, and the KR index was also found to be unsuitable for agricultural irrigation in about 80% of the sites, while it was found that the indices of SAR, SSP, RSC, PI, and TH for all sites were suitable and safe for irrigation. As a result of this study, it has been determined that groundwater in the study area is unsuitable for agricultural irrigation. For sustainable groundwater exploitation, it is advised that a continuous water-quality-monitoring program should be implemented, as well as the development of suitable management practices.

Retracted: Synthesis characterization of Zn-based MOF and their application in degradation of water contaminants

“…Photocatalysts are the heart of photocatalytic technology, which has gained popularity as a green method for the total degradation of organic pollutants utilizing a freely available solar energy source without emitting any secondary pollution (Wen et al 2020;Bai et al 2021). Today, various sciences (Alimadadi et al 2019;Volodymyr et al 2021;Akter et al 2022) such as environment (Alshehrei et al 2021;Wang et al 2021a;Awad et al 2022;Dai et al 2022a), engineering (Assi et al 2021;Hussein et al 2021;Li et al 2021a;Majdi & Vacareanu 2021), computer (Liu et al 2021b), agriculture (Tian et al 2021a(Tian et al , 2021bWang et al 2022a), chemistry (Ge et al 2019;Liu et al 2020;Qin et al 2022), physics (Li et al 2022a), and medicine (Chen & Wang 2021;Endriani et al 2022;Kausikan et al 2022;Mahawar et al 2022;Zheng et al 2022) have made significant progress (Amiri et al 2020;Chu et al 2020;Zhao et al 2020aZhao et al , 2021aZhao et al , 2021bZhao et al , 2021cZhao et al , 2021dNazeer et al 2022;Rashid et al 2022a;Zhao et al 2022aZhao et al , 2022b. Nanoscience is no exception to this rule (Barani et al 2020;Bilal et al 2020;…”

Plant‐mediated synthesis of silver‐doped zinc oxide nanoparticles and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity against bacteria cause tooth decay

“…Nanotechnology is a new and rapidly growing field of science (AlNadhari et al, 2021; Bai, Nie, et al, 2021; Huseien et al, 2022; Li, Sun, & Wu, 2022; Xin et al, 2021; Yang, Li, Luo, et al, 2021). Nanotechnology contribute in diverse field of science such as chemistry (Assi et al, 2021; Chu et al, 2021; Gao et al, 2019; Gao et al, 2021; Jia et al, 2022; Wang et al, 2022), materials (Bai, Jiang, et al, 2021; Chu et al, 2022; Guo et al, 2017; Min et al, 2019; Yang et al, 2017), health (Yan et al, 2020; Yang, Li, Said, et al, 2021), food safety (Ameen & Al‐Homaidan, 2022; Hu et al, 2021; Liu, Li, Cao, et al, 2021; Ngafwan et al, 2021), separation (ANZUM et al, 2022; Majdi & Vacareanu, 2021), agriculture (Awad et al, 2022; Gunawan et al, 2022; Li et al, 2016; Liu, Li, Zhang, et al, 2021; Wang et al, 2018; Wang, Li, et al, 2020; Zhang et al, 2022), drug delivery (Lai et al, 2020; Lai et al, 2021), sensor (Chupradit et al, 2022; Chupradit, Ashfaq, et al, 2021; Indhira et al, 2022; Liu, Zheng, Wang, et al, 2021; Yumashev et al, 2022), and computer science (Chu, Wang, & Zhao, 2014; Chu & Zhao, 2016; Hanan et al, 2021; Hussein et al, 2021; Kadri et al, 2022; Karthikeyan et al, 2021; Zhao et al, 2018; Zhao, Wang, & Chu, 2020). Innovations in the existing nano‐pharmaceutical formulations are increasing, and the production of nanoparticles (NPs) with varying sizes, shapes, distributions, and controlled shapes are new challenges in these studies (Jasim, Patra, et al, 2022; Li et al, 2013; Sadeghi, Alijani, et...…”

“…Several types of nanostructures(Darvish et al, 2022;Hu et al, 2022) have shown significant antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant and even multidrugresistant strains(Alshehrei et al, 2021;Bala Subramaniyan et al, 2022;Jampilek & Kralova, 2022).Nanotechnology is a new and rapidly growing field of science(AlNadhari et al, 2021;Bai, Nie, et al, 2021;Huseien et al, 2022;Xin et al, 2021;Yang, Li, Luo, et al, 2021). Nanotechnology contribute in diverse field of science such as chemistry(Assi et al, 2021;Chu et al, 2021;Gao et al, 2019;Gao et al, 2021;Jia et al, 2022;Wang et al, 2022), materials(Bai, Jiang, et al, 2021;Chu et al, 2022;Guo et al, 2017;Min et al, 2019;Yang et al, 2017), health(Yan et al, 2020;Yang, Li, Said, et al, 2021), food safety(Ameen & Al-Homaidan, 2022;Hu et al, 2021;Ngafwan et al, 2021), separation(ANZUM et al, 2022;, agriculture(Awad et al, 2022;Gunawan et al, 2022;Li et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2018;Wang, Li, et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2022), drug delivery(Lai et al, 2020;Lai et al, 2021), sensor(Chupradit et al, 2022;Chupradit, Ashfaq, et al, 2021;Indhira et al, 2022;Liu, Zheng, Wang, et al, 2021;Yumashev et al, 2022), and co...…”

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Lawsonia inermis and their biomedical application

“…The energy consumption in this method is much less than chemical methods, and due to the compatibility with the environment, it is necessary to develop green methods [68]. New developments in science [69][70][71][72][73][74][75] and technology [76] have significant impact on human health [77][78][79][80][81] and life [82,83].…”