Ground-water modelling and long-term management of the Azraq basin as an example of arid area conditions (Jordan)

Al-Kharabsheh, Atef

doi:10.1006/jare.1999.0580

Cited by 39 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Al-Kharabsheh, 2000). However, in times of more effective precipitation (see further discussion below) it is possible there was a localised, shallow, groundwater source at this location.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

The environmental setting of Epipalaeolithic aggregation site Kharaneh IV

Jones

Maher

Macdonald

et al. 2016

Quaternary International

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a b s t r a c tThe archaeological site of Kharaneh IV in Jordan's Azraq Basin, and its relatively near neighbour Jilat 6 show evidence of sustained occupation of substantial size through the Early to Middle Epipalaeolithic (c. 24,000e15,000 cal BP). Here, we review the geomorphological evidence for the environmental setting in which Kharaneh IV was established. The on-site stratigraphy is clearly differentiated from surrounding sediments, marked visually as well as by higher magnetic susceptibility values. Dating and analysis of offsite sediments show that a significant wetland existed at the site prior to and during early site occupation (~23,000e19,000 BP). This may explain why such a substantial site existed at this location. This wetland dating to the Last Glacial Maximum also provides important information on the palaeoenvironments and potential palaeoclimatic scenarios for today's eastern Jordanian desert, from where such evidence is scarce.

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“…Al-Kharabsheh, 2000). However, in times of more effective precipitation (see further discussion below) it is possible there was a localised, shallow, groundwater source at this location.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

The environmental setting of Epipalaeolithic aggregation site Kharaneh IV

Jones

Maher

Macdonald

et al. 2016

Quaternary International

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“…The total water demand in the country is almost twice the conventional water supply that includes the safe yield of all available groundwater and surface water resources (Al-Weshah, 2005). Because of this, important basins such as Azraq supplying Jordanian major cities with drinking water started to suffer from depletion of groundwater levels, and became completely dry (Al-Kharabsheh, 2000). Jordan is divided between four climatologically different regions (Figure 1(b)): (1) The Ghor, Jordan Valley, (2) mountains, the hilly region, (3) Badia, the desert, and (4) Aqaba, the gulf.…”

Section: Study Area and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial neural network models for forecasting intermittent monthly precipitation in arid regions

Dahamsheh

Aksoy

2009

Meteorological Applications

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Forecasting monthly precipitation in arid regions is investigated by means of feed forward back propagation (FFBP) artificial neural networks (ANNs) and compared to the linear regression technique with multiple inputs (MLR). Four meteorological stations from different geographical regions in Jordan are selected. The ANNs and MLR processes are analysed based on the mean square error, relative/absolute error, determination coefficient as well as the central statistical moments such as mean, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum values. It is found that whilst on one hand the ANNs are slightly better than the MLR in forecasting the monthly total precipitation, on the other hand, both are found with to have limitations which should be improved by means of either changing the type and architecture of the ANNs or incorporating modelling tools such as Markov chains into the forecast model.

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“…The Azraq wetland is fed by several springs, which are filled by surface runoff and groundwater [ 44 ]. The springs have a low discharge-to-replenishment ratio, with a residence time of 20,000 years [ 45 , 46 ]. In the past, prior to modern water demands, the springs provided a secure supply of water, even under arid conditions [ 35 , 44 , 47 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk, Reliability and Resilience: Phytolith Evidence for Alternative ‘Neolithization’ Pathways at Kharaneh IV in the Azraq Basin, Jordan

et al. 2016

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‘Neolithization’ pathway refers to the development of adaptations that characterized subsequent Neolithic life, sedentary occupations, and agriculture. In the Levant, the origins of these human behaviors are widely argued to have emerged during the Early Epipaleolithic (ca. 23 ka cal BP). Consequently, there has been a pre-occupation with identifying and modeling the dietary shift to cereal and grains during this period, which is considered to have been a key development that facilitated increasing sedentism and, eventually, agriculture. Yet, direct evidence of plant use in the form of macrobotanical remains is extremely limited at Epipaleolithic sites and the expected ‘Neolithization’ pathway has not been robustly demonstrated. However, new direct microbotanical phytolith evidence from the large aggregation site of Kharaneh IV, in the Azraq Basin, suggests that increasingly settled occupation was not the result of wild grass and cereal use, but rather the result of a typical hunter-gatherer balance, based on the use of mostly reliable resources supplemented by some risky resources. Moreover, and illustrating this balance, the direct botanical evidence emphases the importance of the wetlands as an under-recognized reliable plant resource. Significantly, the use of these reliable wetland plant resources at Kharaneh IV represents an unexpected ‘Neolithization’ pathway.

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Ground-water modelling and long-term management of the Azraq basin as an example of arid area conditions (Jordan)

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

The environmental setting of Epipalaeolithic aggregation site Kharaneh IV

The environmental setting of Epipalaeolithic aggregation site Kharaneh IV

Artificial neural network models for forecasting intermittent monthly precipitation in arid regions

Risk, Reliability and Resilience: Phytolith Evidence for Alternative ‘Neolithization’ Pathways at Kharaneh IV in the Azraq Basin, Jordan

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