Ground State Lost but Degeneracy Found: The Effective Thermodynamics of Artificial Spin Ice

Nisoli, Cristiano; Wang, R. F.; Li, Jie; McConville, W.; Lammert, Paul E.; Schiffer, P.; Crespi, Vincent H.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.98.217203

Cited by 130 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Until now, studies of artificial spin ices have focused on the best procedures to attain low energy states [9] or the properties of 'final' states of demagnetization protocols [10,11]. Very little is known about the time-dependent dynamical evolution of spin ices in response to a magnetic field, either experimentally or theoretically.…”

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confidence: 99%

Vertex Dynamics in Finite Two-Dimensional Square Spin Ices

2010

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Local magnetic ordering in artificial spin ices is discussed from the point of view of how geometrical frustration controls dynamics and the approach to steady state. We discuss the possibility of using a particle picture based on vertex configurations to interpret time evolution of magnetic configurations. Analysis of possible vertex processes allows us to anticipate different behaviors for open and closed edges and the existence of different field regimes. Numerical simulations confirm these results and also demonstrate the importance of correlations and long range interactions in understanding particle population evolution. We also show that a mean field model of vertex dynamics gives important insights into finite size effects. Introduction.-Spin ices are geometrically frustrated magnetic systems, where interaction energies are minimized by local arrangements of spins resembling the ice rule for the ground state of solid water, i.e., two-in, twoout spin configurations [1,2]. Spin ices display several interesting features including zero point entropy [3], spin freezing, and hysteresis [4]. The role of long range interactions in three dimensional spin ices is also interesting, as the long range dipolar interactions between spins lead to a state that can be described using the short range ice rules [5].

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confidence: 99%

Vertex Dynamics in Finite Two-Dimensional Square Spin Ices

2010

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“…Artificial nanomagnet spin ice systems have been realized experimentally for square [43,50,51,56,66], and honeycomb [49,52,68] lattices, each having different analogous features to the naturally occurring rare-earth pyrochlore lattice [37]. In these ice systems, each nanomagnet plays the role of an effective macrospin, and the spin direction is defined to point in the direction of the magnetic moment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most studied artificial spin ice systems are created using arrays of nanomagnets with a bistable single-domain magnetization [43,44,[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][63][64][65][66][67]. Artificial nanomagnet spin ice systems have been realized experimentally for square [43,50,51,56,66], and honeycomb [49,52,68] lattices, each having different analogous features to the naturally occurring rare-earth pyrochlore lattice [37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The vertex state of the system can be directly imaged by locally probing the magnetic moment of a single constituent nanomagnet via magnetic microscopy, such as with magnetic force microscopy [53], LTEM [69], or photoemission electron microscopy [68]. In square nanomagnet ices [43,50,51,56,66], however, the ice-rule-obeying states with "two-spins-in/two-spins-out"…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the naturally occurring spin ices exhibit interesting types of topological monopole defects and "ice-rule" states [39,40], the frustrated behaviors occur only at very low temperatures and the individual spin ordering or defects cannot be directly visualized on the atomic scale size. Recent advances in nanofabrication technology have permitted the creation of artificial ice systems [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] that mimic the behavior of geometrically frustrated atomic spin ices at much larger length scales and higher temperatures, where direct visualization of the microscopic effective spin configurations under controlled conditions is possible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emergent geometric frustration of artificial magnetic skyrmion crystals

Reichhardt

Gan

et al. 2016

Phys. Rev. B

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Magnetic skyrmions have been receiving growing attention as potential information storage and magnetic logic devices since an increasing number of materials have been identified that support skyrmion phases. Explorations of artificial frustrated systems have led to new insights into controlling and engineering new emergent frustration phenomena in frustrated and disordered systems. Here, we propose a skyrmion spin ice, giving a unifying framework for the study of geometric frustration of skyrmion crystals in a non-frustrated artificial geometrical lattice as a consequence of the structural confinement of skyrmions in magnetic potential wells. The emergent ice rules from the geometrically frustrated skyrmion crystals highlight a novel phenomenon in this skyrmion system: emergent geometrical frustration. We demonstrate how skyrmion crystal topology transitions between a non-frustrated periodic configuration and a frustrated ice-like ordering can also be realized reversibly. The proposed artificial frustrated skyrmion systems can be annealed into different ice phases with an applied current induced spin-transfer torque, including a long range ordered ice rule obeying ground state, as-relaxed random state, biased state and monopole state. The spin-torque reconfigurability of the artificial skyrmion ice states, difficult to achieve in other artificial spin ice systems, is compatible with standard spintronic device fabrication technology, which makes the semiconductor industrial integration straightforward.

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Modal Frustration and Periodicity Breaking in Artificial Spin Ice

Puttock

Manzin

Neu

et al. 2020

Small

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Switchable behaviors and writable defects in artificial spin ice have been extensively studied as nanoscale reconfigurable field sources for applications including neural networks and magnonics. Random-walk style chains of correlated excitations have been discussed as potential low-energy pathways for such applications, but writing controllable 1D pathways through lattices is generally challenging. We explore the modal behavior of a novel artificial spin ice design that generates magnetic uniaxial chains along a defined direction. In addition, non-Ising breakdown of the magnetization within constituent nanoislands is observed, with a rupture of magnetization periodicity is measured. Finally, locally perturbing the vertices in both traditional and non-Ising magnetic configurations produces both a "selective writing" capability, and a 2D network writability dependent on the fieldstrength of the perturbing field point-source, and its controlled motion. Such functionalities exhibit a route to highefficiency magnonic devices via novel lattice designs and controlled magnetic behaviors.

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Ground State Lost but Degeneracy Found: The Effective Thermodynamics of Artificial Spin Ice

Cited by 130 publications

References 11 publications

Vertex Dynamics in Finite Two-Dimensional Square Spin Ices

Vertex Dynamics in Finite Two-Dimensional Square Spin Ices

Emergent geometric frustration of artificial magnetic skyrmion crystals

Modal Frustration and Periodicity Breaking in Artificial Spin Ice

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