Ground reaction forces in shallow water running are affected by immersion level, running speed and gender

Haupenthal, Alessandro; Fontana, Heiliane de Brito; Ruschel, Caroline; Santos, Daniela Pacheco dos; Roesler, Hélio

doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2012.08.006

Cited by 22 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Although an individual's body composition (i.e., greater percentage of fat mass) can augment the effects of buoyancy in water (44), the present study's participants had normal BMI (23.5 kg$m 22 ) and healthy percent body fat (26.3%). Furthermore, the addition of anterior ground reaction forces caused by frontal drag and turbulence decreases the frequency and velocity of running strides while moving forward in water (16,23). Given the standardized requirements of the SWR test protocol, including a water depth similar to or greater than that used in the present study (1.2 meters), a reduction in energy expenditure and HR would result.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The underlying mechanisms that explain these differences involve hydrodynamic properties, viscosity, and hydrostatic pressure, as well as the water depth. These variables will, in turn, affect buoyancy, propulsion, drag forces, ground reaction forces (i.e., forces exerted by the floor on the body), and muscle recruitment patterns throughout AE movements (12,13,16,23). When the individual is immersed to a depth where water level reaches the xiphoid process, buoyancy properties reduce vertical ground reaction forces and offload body weight by approximately 60% or more (22,24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Reliability and Accuracy of a Standardized Shallow Water Running Test to Determine Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Nagle¹,

Sanders

Gibbs

et al. 2017

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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A standardized fitness assessment is critical for the development of an individualized exercise prescription. Although the benefits of aquatic exercise have been well established, there remains the need for a standardized nonswimming protocol to accurately assess cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in shallow water. The present investigation was designed to assess (a) the reliability of a standardized shallow water run (SWR) test of CRF and (b) the accuracy of a standardized SWR compared with a land-based treadmill (LTM) test. Twenty-three healthy women (20 ± 3 years), with body mass index (23.5 ± 3 kg·m), performed 2 shallow water peak oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak) running tests (SWRa and SWRb), and 1 V[Combining Dot Above]O2max LTM. Intraclass correlation coefficients indicated moderately strong reliability for V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak (ml·kg·min) (r = 0.73, p < 0.01), HRpeak (b·min) (r = 0.82; p < 0.01), and O2pulse (V[Combining Dot Above]O2 [ml·kg·min]·HR [b·min]) (r = 0.77, p < 0.01). Using paired t-tests and Pearson's correlations, SWR V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak and HRpeak were significantly lower than during LTM (p ≤ 0.05) and showed moderate correlations of 0.60 and 0.58 (p < 0.001) to LTM. O2pulse was similar (p > 0.05) for the SWR and LTM tests with a moderate correlation of 0.63. A standardized SWR test as a measure of CRF is a reliable, and to some degree, valid alternative to conventional protocols and may be used by strength and conditioning professionals to measure program outcomes and monitor training progress. Furthermore, this protocol provides a water-based option for CRF assessment among healthy women and offers insight toward the development of an effective protocol that can accommodate individuals with limited mobility, or those seeking less musculoskeletal impact from traditional land-based types of training.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability and Accuracy of a Standardized Shallow Water Running Test to Determine Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Nagle¹,

Sanders

Gibbs

et al. 2017

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In contrast to the dry land environment, some studies developed in the aquatic environment have shown similar V-GRF values between diff erent self-selected velocities during walking in shallow water [ 33 , 41 ] . On the other hand, recent studies observed that the V-GRF was signifi cantly higher as the cadence or speed was increased during water aerobic exercises [ 4 , 12 ] or shallow-water walking [ 22 ] . Although recent experiments have simultaneously investigated the EMG and V-GRF responses during shallow-water walking [ 9 , 10 , 33 ] , comparisons between diff erent water aerobic exercises performed at different intensities have been scarcely investigated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Consequently, an increase in acceleration during the contact of the foot with the plate follows, resulting in a greater V-GRF. In addition, with the increased intensity, an increase in the V-GRF is observed due to the requirement of a greater propulsive to overcome the drag force [ 22 ] . However, in contrast to the shallow-water walking, for this kind of exercise there is an absence of horizontal propulsion, with vertical propulsion being necessary for these movements, especially for the SR and FK exercises.…”

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confidence: 99%

Oxygen Uptake, Muscle Activity and Ground Reaction Force during Water Aerobic Exercises

et al. 2014

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This study aimed to compare the oxygen uptake (VO2), the muscle activity of lower limbs, and the vertical ground reaction force (V-GRF) of women performing water aerobic exercises at different intensities. 12 young women performed the experimental protocol, which consisted of 3 water exercises (stationary running [SR], frontal kick [FK] and cross country skiing [CCS]) at 3 intensities (first and second ventilatory thresholds and maximum effort). A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used. Regarding VO2, different responses between intensities (p<0.001) were found, and values between exercises were similar. For electromyographic activity (EMG), differences between intensities for all muscles (p<0.001) were found. Greater EMG signals were observed in the FK compared to SR for rectus femoris, semitendinosus, vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscles (p<0.05). Regarding V-GRF, there was an increase in the V-GRF at greater intensities compared to the first ventilatory threshold (p=0.001). In addition, lower values were found during CCS compared to the SR and FK exercises (p<0.001). Thus, greater cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses were observed with increasing intensity. Exercises such as CCS could be used to attenuate the V-GRF; if the purpose is to reduce the muscular activity of lower limbs at a specific intensity, SR could be recommended.

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“…(3) Estimating the stress in the refilled defect. The maximal stress was estimated from the treadmill speed to the knee joint force, and to the stress in the refilled defect: studies have shown the maximal knee joint force increased nonlinearly with the moving speed . In one study, the peak knee forces in human were 2 × body weight for slow walking, 2.5 × body weight for fast walking, and 4 × body weight for jogging.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchronization of calcium sulphate cement degradation and new bone formation is improved by external mechanical regulation

Zhang

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2015

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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A major challenge faced in the bone materials of weight-bearing without internal fixture support is the mismatch of material degradation and new bone formation, leading to weakening or even failure of the overall bony structure. This study demonstrated in the rat femur model that calcium sulphate cement degradation and new bone formation could be better synchronized by external mechanical force. An ascending force in line with calcium sulphate cement degradation could achieve bone healing in 37 days with ultimate load to failure of 87.00 AE 7.30 N, similar to that of intact femur (80.46 AE 2.79 N, p ¼ 0.369). In contrast, the healing process under either a constant force or no force illustrated significant residual defect volumes of 1.47 AE 0.44 and 4.08 AE 0.89 mm 3 (p < 0.001), and weaker ultimate loads to failure of 69.56 AE 4.74 and 59.17 AE 7.48 N, respectively (p < 0.001). Our results suggest that the mechanical regulation approach deserves further investigation and may potentially offer a clinical strategy to improve synchronization. ß

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Ground reaction forces in shallow water running are affected by immersion level, running speed and gender

Cited by 22 publications

References 19 publications

Reliability and Accuracy of a Standardized Shallow Water Running Test to Determine Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Reliability and Accuracy of a Standardized Shallow Water Running Test to Determine Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Oxygen Uptake, Muscle Activity and Ground Reaction Force during Water Aerobic Exercises

Synchronization of calcium sulphate cement degradation and new bone formation is improved by external mechanical regulation

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