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Aim: The appropriate selection of hospitalized patients for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis is an important unresolved issue. We sought to validate the Caprini model, a famous individual VTE risk assessment model (RAM), in hospitalized Chinese patients. Methods: We performed a retrospective case-control study among unselected hospitalized patients admitted to a comprehensive hospital in China. A total of 347 patients were confirmed to have VTE during hospitalization, and 651 controls were randomly selected to match the patients according to medical service. Both the patients and controls were retrospectively assessed for the risk of VTE using the Caprini RAM. Results: The average Caprini cumulative risk score in the patients was significantly higher than that observed in the controls (4.69±2.58 vs 3.16±1.82, p＜0.0001). Compared with that observed in the low-risk group, a classification of high-risk according to the Caprini model was associated with a 1.65-fold increased risk of VTE (95%CI 1.05-2.61), while that of highest-risk was associated with a 4.84-fold increased risk of VTE (95%CI 3.06-7.64). After further stratifying the highest risk level with a cumulative risk score of ≥ 5 into scores of 5-6, 7-8 and ≥ 9, the patients with a score of 5-6 were found to exhibit a 3.33-fold increased risk of VTE (95%CI 2.06-5.40), those with a score 7-8 exhibited a 9.41-fold increased risk of VTE (95%CI 4.90-18.08) and those with a score of ≥ 9 exhibited a 24.69-fold (95%CI 7.98-76.40) increased risk of VTE compared with their low-risk counterparts. Conclusions: Our study suggests that the Caprini RAM can be used to effectively stratify hospitalized Chinese patients into VTE risk categories based on individual risk factors. The classification of the highest risk level with a cumulative risk score of ≥ 5 provided significantly more clinical information, and further stratification of this group of patients is needed. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2014; 21:261-272.

Epstein-Barr virus-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (EBV(+) NPC), and human papillomavirus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HPV(+) HNSCC) are two distinct types of aggressive head and neck cancers with early age onsets. Their recently identified genomic landscapes by whole-exome sequencing (WES) clearly reveal critical roles of: (1) inflammation via NF-kB activation, (2) survival via PI3K aberrations, and perhaps (3) immune evasion via MHC loss in these cancers as summarized in this review. Immediate outcomes of these WES studies include the identification of potential prognostic biomarkers, and druggable events for these cancers. The impact of these genomic findings on the development of precision medicine and immunotherapies will be discussed. For both of these cancers, the main lethality comes from metastases and disease recurrences which may represent therapy resistance. Thus, potential curing of these cancers still relies on future identification of key genomic drivers and likely druggable events in recurrent and metastatic forms of these intrinsically aggressive cancers of the head and neck.