Ground Reaction Force Symmetry during Walking and Running

A test of the functional asymmetry hypothesis in walking

“…These results indicate that nondominant and dominant lower limbs, when considered as whole entities, contribute quite similarly to support and propulsion during preferred-speed walking. This finding is consistent with previous studies that evaluated bilateral GRFs in other contexts [18,19].…”

Characteristics of the Vertical Ground Reaction Force Component Prior to Gait Transition

“…The parameters related to running did not appear to be sensitive to deceleration, while the parameters related to walking appeared to be sensitive to acceleration (see Table 1). The symmetry between ground reaction forces of the left and right foot observed in this study agreed with the observations of Hamill et al (1984). However, the observed peak vertical ground reaction forces during walking in the present investigation were greater than those reported by Hamill et al (1984) due to the greater walking speeds used in the present investigation.…”

“…The study ofground reaction forces, the only external contact force during locomotion and interpreted as comprehensive reflection of the locomotory system, may enhance our understanding regarding the mechanism ofgait transition. Hamill, Bates, and Knutzen (1984) conducted comparisons ofground reaction forces during walking (1.36 m/s) and running (4.87 m/s), and reported significant differences between the two gait patterns. To differentiate between the influence of speed and the influence of gait type on locomotion ground reaction forces, Nilsson and Thorstensson (1989) investigated walking and running ground reaction forces at different locomotion speeds.…”

“…Both Hamill et al (1984) and Nilsson and Thorstensson (1989) collected data using a single-force platform fixed within an overground walkway. As a result, the ground reaction forces were only collected with constant velocities.…”

Evaluation of the Reliability and Validity of the Crawford Classification of Congenital Tibial Dysplasia

“…To scale the ground reaction forces, equations from the literature (Borghese et al, 1996;Cavanagh and Williams, 1979;Dufek et al, 1990;Hamill et al, 1984;Hamill and Bensel, 1996;Himann et al, 1988;Kinoshita, 1985;Martin and Marsh, 1992;McCrory et al, 2001;Nilsson and Thorstensson, 1989;Powers et al, 1999;Simpson and Jiang, 1999;White et al, 1998;Woodmansee et al, 2004) were utilized. The equations calculate the peak braking and propulsion forces (X-direction), and the two peak vertical forces (Z-direction).…”