Ground reaction force profiles during inclined running at iso-efficiency speeds

Williams, Lauren; Standifird, Tyler; Creer, Andrew; Fong, Hailey B.; Powell, Douglas W.

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110107

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Typically for the discrete variables, the VALR increased as speeding up (2.7, 3.0, and 3.3 m/s) in both sexes, and females had higher VALR than males apart from the speed of 3.7 m/s. These are similar to literature works that variables in the GRF increased as running velocity increased (Van den Berghe et al, 2019;Williams et al, 2020). Furthermore, it was observed that the ant-post GRF varies in the PC1 of magnitude variances in female runners, whereas males vary in both PC1 (timing of braking peak) and PC2 (magnitude).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Ground reaction force (GRF) has been a key and useful parameter in biomechanics (Munro et al, 1987), including GRF in the vertical, anterior-posterior (ant-post), and medial-lateral (med-lat) directions recorded from a three-dimensional force plate. This parameter was used to investigate the human movement and gait patterns (Wannop et al, 2012;Horsak et al, 2020), athletic performance (Colyer et al, 2019), impact loadings (Mei et al, 2019), abnormal musculoskeletal conditions (Hendry et al, 2020;Williams et al, 2020), and orthotics evaluation (Logan et al, 2010;Soares et al, 2016). Thus, understanding the variations of GRF overtime could inform movement analysis and impact stress from the vertical GRF or shear stress from the resultant GRFs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Principal Component Analysis of the Running Ground Reaction Forces With Different Speeds

Mei

Xiang

et al. 2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Ground reaction force (GRF) is a key metric in biomechanical research, including parameters of loading rate (LR), first impact peak, second impact peak, and transient between first and second impact peaks in heel strike runners. The GRFs vary over time during stance. This study was aimed to investigate the variances of GRFs in rearfoot striking runners across incremental speeds. Thirty female and male runners joined the running tests on the instrumented treadmill with speeds of 2.7, 3.0, 3.3, and 3.7 m/s. The discrete parameters of vertical average loading rate in the current study are consistent with the literature findings. The principal component analysis was modeled to investigate the main variances (95%) in the GRFs over stance. The females varied in the magnitude of braking and propulsive forces (PC1, 84.93%), whereas the male runners varied in the timing of propulsion (PC1, 53.38%). The female runners dominantly varied in the transient between the first and second peaks of vertical GRF (PC1, 36.52%) and LR (PC2, 33.76%), whereas the males variated in the LR and second peak of vertical GRF (PC1, 78.69%). Knowledge reported in the current study suggested the difference of the magnitude and patterns of GRF between male and female runners across different speeds. These findings may have implications for the prevention of sex-specific running-related injuries and could be integrated with wearable signals for the in-field prediction and estimation of impact loadings and GRFs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Principal Component Analysis of the Running Ground Reaction Forces With Different Speeds

Mei

Xiang

et al. 2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…It is important to note that results have been mixed on this topic, and with differing downhill grades and speeds used, other studies found no change or a slight decrease in ground reaction forces with downhill running (Snyder et al, 2012;Yokozawa et al, 2004). In uphill running at an equal metabolic effort, runners apply a lower peak normal force (Williams et al, 2020). Runners with a shorter ground time received a greater metabolic benefit associated with the new style of racing shoe (Hunter et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energetics and Biomechanics of Uphill, Downhill and Level Running in Highly-Cushioned Carbon Fiber Midsole Plated Shoes

Hunter¹,

Bradshaw²,

McLeod³

et al. 2022

jsportscimed

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Road-racing shoes recently experienced major changes. In the recent past, lightweight, thin midsole shoes were thought to help runners maximize their performance. But, in 2017, Nike released the Vaporfly shoe which transformed the thinking about racing shoe design. Incorporating a curved carbon fiber plate embedded in a thick, compliant and resilient midsole resulted in a reduced metabolic cost across a range of running speeds. We hypothesized the new style of shoes would be less effective uphill than downhill due to the larger ground reaction forces and hence greater elastic energy storage in the shoe during downhill running. Eighteen runners completed two days of testing, each comprising two trials of two shoe models (Saucony Endorphin Pro (EP) and Type A) and three grade conditions (uphill, level and downhill), i.e. 12 trials per day. Oxygen uptake, ground reaction forces, and lower-body kinematics were captured during each condition. Comparisons of the percent metabolic benefit were made between shoes for each grade. Stride rate, ground time, peak vertical force, and flight time were regressed with the percent metabolic benefit of the EP over the Type A shoe across grades. Metabolic benefits of the Endorphin Pro were similar across the three grade conditions (p = 0.778). No significant correlations were observed between how much benefit one runner got over another specific to grade. The new style of road-racing shoes effectively decreases metabolic cost equally across grades. Differences in running mechanics between runners did not explain greater individual metabolic benefits between shoe conditions during uphill or downhill running.

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“…12 Many studies used vertical GRFs and loading rate (LR) as the key matrix to assess its impact on the human body, while performing various physical activities such as running, walking, hopping, etc., but only a few studies have looked at lifting and carrying jobs. [13][14][15] The vertical GRF represents the highest magnitude and is mainly produced by the acceleration of the body in the vertical direction during bending and stretching. 13,15 The peak rate of vertical GRF (LR) indicates the possibility of repetitive injury as a result of these activities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ergonomics Evaluation of Manual Lifting Task on Biomechanical Stress in Symmetric Posture

Vijaywargiya¹,

Bhiwapurkar²,

Thirugnanam

2022

Int J Occup Saf Health

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Introduction: Manual lifting operations continue to play a key role in the industrial and service sectors, inflicting physical strain on the musculoskeletal system, despite advances in automation. As a result, an experiment is carried out to assess the impact of two lifting task parameters; weight and height, based on the estimation of subjective responses and biomechanical loading, while lifting the weight symmetrically in the sagittal plane. Also to recommend the safe limit for manual lifting tasks. Methods: Twelve volunteer male students in the age group of 21 to 26 years performed lifting tasks from floor to 5 different heights (below the knee to ear level), with 5 different weights (10 to 20 kg) using free-style lifting techniques. The load pan with no handle was used for lifting weight, which is typically adopted in the Indian building construction field. The subjective estimate was obtained using workload assessment by body discomfort chart. The biomechanical loading (loading rate) for each lifted weight and height was collected using a force platform. Results: The results showed that heavier weights produced higher stresses than lower weights. The loading rate was found to be almost similar at waist or knee level. The loading rate was observed to be linearly increasing after waist level. The overall workload rating seems to be a good correlate with the mean loading rate to some extent. Conclusion: It is proposed to keep the maximum acceptable lifting weight from floor to knee, up to the ear level is 15 kg, to prevent any musculoskeletal or chronic injury.

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Ground reaction force profiles during inclined running at iso-efficiency speeds

Cited by 9 publications

References 30 publications

Principal Component Analysis of the Running Ground Reaction Forces With Different Speeds

Principal Component Analysis of the Running Ground Reaction Forces With Different Speeds

Energetics and Biomechanics of Uphill, Downhill and Level Running in Highly-Cushioned Carbon Fiber Midsole Plated Shoes

Ergonomics Evaluation of Manual Lifting Task on Biomechanical Stress in Symmetric Posture

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