Gross and Subgross Anatomy of Lungs, Pleura, Connective Tissue Septa, Distal Airways, and Structural Units

Peake, Janice L.; Pinkerton, Kent E.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404577-4.00003-5

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…They also resembled those of surface-and underground dwelling rodents 114,115 . The undivided left lung of C. gambianus, which was also reported in the same rodent by Ibe et al 60 , and the existence of three lobes on the left lung of C. foxi are not unique morphological features: various permutations in the lobulations of the lung occur in the mammalian lungs 61,62,113,[116][117][118][119][120][121] . Ostensibly, there is no evidence showing that lobulation of the lung is of functional consequence [122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134] .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Comparative morphometric analysis of lungs of the semifossorial giant pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) and the subterranean Nigerian mole rat (Cryptomys foxi)

Maina

Igbokwe

2020

Sci Rep

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Lungs of the rodent species, the African giant pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) and the nigerian mole rat (Cryptomys foxi) were investigated. Significant morphometric differences exist between the two species. The volume of the lung per unit body mass was 2.7 times larger; the respiratory surface area 3.4 times greater; the volume of the pulmonary capillary blood 2 times more; the harmonic mean thickness of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier (τht) ~29% thinner and; the total pulmonary morphometric diffusing capacity (DLo 2) for o 2 2.3 times more in C. foxi. C. gambianus occupies open burrows that are ventilated with air while C. foxi lives in closed burrows. the less morphometrically specialized lungs of C. gambianus may be attributed to its much larger body mass (~6 times more) and possibly lower metabolic rate and its semifossorial life whereas the 'superior' lungs of C. foxi may largely be ascribed to the subterranean hypoxic and hypercapnic environment it occupies. Compared to other rodents species that have been investigated hitherto, the τht was mostly smaller in the lungs of the subterranean species and C. foxi has the highest mass-specific DLo 2. the fossorial-and the subterranean rodents have acquired various pulmonary structural specializations that relate to habitats occupied. About 300 of the extant mammalian species that represent 54 genera and belong to 10 families of four orders live in moist and dark, climatically stable, hypoxic and hypercapnic underground burrows 1-8. Such animals inform on the natural evolutionary process of adaptation that has permitted underground life 9. In synapsids, the lineage that includes modern mammals and their ancestors 10,11 , the extinct mammal-like carnivore, the Cynodont (Thrinaxodon liorhinus) which inhabited the Karoo of South Africa ~251 million years ago (mya), is apparently the oldest known burrowing animal 12. Independently and at different amounts of time, animals invaded the underground ecotope, mostly between the upper Eocene (45-35 mya) and the Quaternary (~2 mya), when the global climate changed markedly to a colder and drier Earth 8,9,13-17. Predator avoidance, escape from extreme environmental conditions above the ground and gaining access to the subterranean parts of plants like roots, tubers, bulbs and corms and soil invertebrates were the main driving pressures for relocating to underground life. Extremophiles are life forms that have adapted to inhabiting exceptionally exacting conditions which are injurious to conventional living things 18-21. The hypoxic-and hypercapnic conditions in the unventilated, perpetually dark burrows that subterranean animals inhabit, where air may also contain noxious gases like ammonia and methane in high concentrations 22-30 , comprise extreme habitats. Of the ~250 species that occupy or take shelter in burrows, only ~25 species, most of which are mole rats of the Family Talpidae, permanently live underground 31-36. Because they are concealed and most of them pose a challenge of keeping and breeding them in the labor...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Comparative morphometric analysis of lungs of the semifossorial giant pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) and the subterranean Nigerian mole rat (Cryptomys foxi)

Maina

Igbokwe

2020

Sci Rep

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“…Horse lungs have minor collateral ventilation, which is unable to maintain adequate gas exchange in the associated alveolar structures . This reduced collateral ventilation may be because horses have no respiratory bronchioles, which normally connect functional lung units . This means that every terminal bronchiole ends directly in an alveolar duct.…”

Section: Part 2: Pulmonary Ventilation and Controlled Ventilationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maintenance of equine anaesthesia over the last 50 years: Controlled inhalation of volatile anaesthetics and pulmonary ventilation

Mosing

Senior

2018

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryIn the first edition of this journal, Barbara Weaver wrote a review titled 'Equine Anaesthesia', stating that, at that time, it was quickly becoming accepted practice that many horses were being anaesthetised 'by essentially similar procedures, i.e. premedication, induction and then maintenance by controlled inhalation'. To celebrate the 50th anniversary of the first edition of this journal, this review covers the development of understanding and practice of inhalational anaesthesia and controlled ventilation in horses over the last 50 years. We review how the perceived benefits of halothane led to its widespread use, but subsequently better understanding of halothane's effects led to changes in equine anaesthetic practice and the utilisation of different inhalation agents (e.g. isoflurane and sevoflurane). We discuss how more recently, better understanding of the effects of the 'newer' inhalation agents' effects has led to yet more changes in equine anaesthetic practice, and while, further new inhalation agents are unlikely to appear in the near future, further enhancements to anaesthetic practice may still lead to improved outcomes. We review advances in our understanding of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the equine lung as well of the effects of anaesthesia on lung function and how these predispose to some of the common problems of gas exchange and ventilation during anaesthesia. We identify the aims of optimal mechanical ventilation for anaesthetic management and whether the various methods of ventilatory support during equine anaesthesia achieve them. We also highlight that further developments in equipment and optimal ventilator modes are likely in the near future.

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“…Also, the visceral pleura of rats have sparse lymphatic vessels as opposed to an extensive lymphatic network seen in humans (Leak and Jamuar, 1983). Connective tissue septa branching from the visceral pleura and penetrating the pulmonary parenchyma is very minimal in rats and hence the bronchopulmonary segments are not distinct on the pleural or cut surface (Peake and Pinkerton, 2015).…”

Section: Anatomymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The pattern of branching can affect the airflow pattern and particle deposition in the lung (Hofmann et al, 1996;Yeh et al, 1976;Brown, 2015) The number of airway segments from the bifurcation of the trachea to the terminal bronchiole varies from 13 to 20 depending on the lobe (Yeh et al, 1979). The transition from conducting (bronchioles) to respiratory airways is abrupt, with a short poorly developed respiratory bronchiole giving rise to the pulmonary acinus (Peake and Pinkerton, 2015). The rat lacks the well-developed respiratory bronchiole that is characteristic of primate lungs including those of humans.…”

Section: Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These pleurae are continuous at the hilus of the lungs where the pulmonary and bronchial vessels, primary bronchi, nerves, and lymphatics penetrate. The visceral pleura of rats is thin compared to that of humans and large animals (Peake and Pinkerton, 2015). Also, the visceral pleura of rats have sparse lymphatic vessels as opposed to an extensive lymphatic network seen in humans (Leak and Jamuar, 1983).…”

Section: Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Lung, Pleura, and Mediastinum

Herbert

Janardhan

Pandiri

et al. 2018

Boorman's Pathology of the Rat

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Gross and Subgross Anatomy of Lungs, Pleura, Connective Tissue Septa, Distal Airways, and Structural Units

Cited by 16 publications

References 32 publications

Comparative morphometric analysis of lungs of the semifossorial giant pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) and the subterranean Nigerian mole rat (Cryptomys foxi)

Comparative morphometric analysis of lungs of the semifossorial giant pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) and the subterranean Nigerian mole rat (Cryptomys foxi)

Maintenance of equine anaesthesia over the last 50 years: Controlled inhalation of volatile anaesthetics and pulmonary ventilation

Lung, Pleura, and Mediastinum

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