Grid power quality improvements using grid-coupled hybrid electric vehicles PEMD 2006

The customer perspective of the electric vehicles role on the electricity market

“…The lifetime depends upon on battery type and size, temperatures, average state of charge (SOC) and depth of discharge (DOD) in each cycle. This is an issue regarding V2G possibilities described in section [11] III, which with increased number of recharging and discharging cycles could wear out the battery faster. In [12] analysis indicates that present lithium ion battery technologies appear to be 10 year/240 000 km capable, provided that they are not overcharged, nor consistently operated at high temperatures, nor in charge sustaining mode at a very low SOC.…”

“…In Table I a summary over different battery technologies and their properties are shown where the lifetime cycles are based on a 80 % DOD. Current HEVs mostly have NiMH batteries with a limited energy content up to about 2 kWh with a lifetime of around 800 to 1500 rechargedischarge cycles with a DOD between 60 and 80 %, and the promising Li-ion battery have a lifetime of approximately 3000 cycles at a DOD of 80 % [11]. Stated is also that an all-electric driving range of 100 km requires 10 kWh of electric energy which with 96 % conversion efficiency and lithium-ion batteries with energy efficiency of 90 % with a DOD of 80 %, requires a battery with 15 kWh capacity to compensate for energy losses in the battery and converter and the limited DOD.…”

Impact of plug-in electric vehicles on the supply grid

“…The total RMS current needed in the active filter can be calculated by (2), where I Q is the reactive component of fundamental current…”

“…Moreover, several recent studies show that electric-drive vehicles (EDVs) may even profitably provide power to the grid while they are parked and connected to electrical grid. This is called Vehicle to Grid power (V2G) [2][3][4].…”

“…Moreover, several recent studies show that electric-drive vehicles (EDVs) may even profitably provide power to the grid while they are parked and connected to electrical grid. This is called Vehicle to Grid power (V2G) [2][3][4].Nevertheless, this new situation and the predictable future growth of EVs and PHEVs, creates serious problems of power quality in existing grids, mainly where parking installations are concentrated [3,[5][6][7][8][9]. …”