Grey water footprint reduction in irrigated crop production: effect of nitrogen application rate, nitrogen form, tillage practice and irrigation strategy

Chukalla, Abebe Demissie; Krol, Maarten S.; Hoekstra, Arjen Ysbert

doi:10.5194/hess-22-3245-2018

Cited by 59 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Hence, nutrient reduction strategies and associated science assessment should be reviewed to help better guide implementation and tracking of water quality improvement practices [38][39][40]. In addition, nutrient management strategies for agricultural non-point source pollution control in irrigation area should be improved in order to protect water resources and to control environmental pollution in catchment area [41][42][43]. In this context, it is important to create and propose a good management plan in order to properly manage and distribute water supply to all sectors.…”

Section: Challenges and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing water scarcity in Malaysia: a case study of rice production

Hanafiah¹,

Ghazali

Harun

et al. 2019

Desalination and Water Treatment

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a b s t r a c tRecent years have seen a surge of interest in assessing water withdrawal in the agricultural sector which has been experiencing an increasing concern with sustainable environmental requirements. Like other highly water-intensive crops, rice production systems rely on an ample water supply, thus posing a serious threat to water availability. This study estimates the water use of rice cultivated in the off-and main seasons in Malaysia. The water withdrawal of rice was estimated based on the monthly climatic data of 30 y (1983-2013) and a 10-y (2002-2011) average annual crop yield. The water stress index (WSI) of the 16 major watersheds in Malaysia was also derived to assess the water deprivation. We found that the blue water use for rice cultivation in the off-and main seasons ranges between 619 and 1,421 m 3 /t and 504 and 1,031 m 3 /t, respectively. The results also showed that the average WSI for 11 states in Peninsular Malaysia is 0.08 with a total water deprivation of 97 million m 3 H 2 O eq/y. This study can serve as baseline information for the government in identifying the areas that need to be conserved and the recommendations that should be drawn toward sustainable management of water resources in Malaysia.

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Section: Challenges and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing water scarcity in Malaysia: a case study of rice production

Hanafiah¹,

Ghazali

Harun

et al. 2019

Desalination and Water Treatment

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“…The composition of non-point source pollutants is complex, and the same water can dilute component 1, component 2, and component 3, which is shown in Figure 1. Grey water footprint is determined by the pollutant that requires the most dilution [34]. There is a great deal of uncertainties in the grey water footprints from crop production.…”

Section: Complexities Of Agricultural Water Management Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agricultural Water Management Model Based on Grey Water Footprints under Uncertainty and its Application

Dai

Tan

et al. 2019

Sustainability

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The grey water footprint theory was introduced into a fractional programming model to alleviate non-point source pollution and increase water-use efficiency through the adjustment of crop planting structure. The interval programming method was also incorporated within the developed framework to handle parametric uncertainties. The objective function of the model was the ratio of economic benefits to grey water footprints from crop production, and the constraints contained water availability constraints, food security constraints, planting area constraints, grey water footprint constraints and non-negative constraints. The model was applied to the Hetao Irrigation District of China. It was found that, based on the data in the year of 2016, the optimal planting plans generated from the developed model would reduce 34,400 m3 of grey water footprints for every 100 million Yuan gained from crops. Under the optimal planting structure, the total grey water footprints would be reduced by 21.9 million m3, the total economic benefits from crops would be increased by 1.138 billion Yuan, and the irrigation water would be saved by 44 million m3. The optimal results could provide decision-makers with agricultural water use plans with reduced negative impacts on the environment and enhanced economic benefits from crops.

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“…Formulating WF reduction targets for crop production, as a general national policy, and to downscale targets per climate zone to specific targets at farm level still await practical implementation. The field is still in its infancy, with only a few earlier studies available for total blue WF benchmarks ( Hoekstra, 2013;Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2014;Chukalla et al, 2015Chukalla et al, , 2017Zhuo et al, 2016b ) or grey WF benchmarks Chukalla et al, 2018 ). Further studies, using different models and remote sensing, and validating findings based on field data, will be necessary to assess uncertainties in more detail, and test the feasibility of lowering the WFs of crops to benchmark levels at large scale.…”

Section: Climate Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater saving and quality improvement by reducing water footprints of crops to benchmarks levels

Karandish

Hogeboom

2018

Advances in Water Resources

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a b s t r a c tThe formulation of water footprint (WF) benchmarks in crop production -i.e. identifying reference levels of reasonable amounts of water consumption and pollution per tonne of crop produced -has been suggested as a promising strategy to counter inefficient water use and pollution. The current study is the first to show how setting WF benchmarks may help alleviate groundwater scarcity and pollution, in a case study for Iran. We advance the field of WF assessment by developing WF benchmark levels for crop production, which we successively use to assess potential groundwater saving, quality improvement and economic water productivity gains. First, we calculate climate-specific WF benchmark levels for both total blue water footprints and nitrogen-related grey groundwater footprints for 26 crops, for all years in the period 1980-2010, at 5 × 5 ′ spatial resolution. Second, we estimate the water saving potential for total blue water resources and for groundwater resources specifically, as well as the grey groundwater footprint reduction potential. Finally, we compare mean economic water productivities of crop production in the past with productivities if WFs are reduced to benchmark levels. We find that groundwater comprises up to 83% of total blue water consumption of irrigated crops, with the highest share in arid areas and in cereals. Aquifers are under significant to severe stress, except in the dry sub-humid zone, where irrigation mainly relies on surface water. Reducing WFs of crops to 25th percentile benchmark levels can save 32% of groundwater compared to the reference year 2010, and lower the nitrogen-related grey groundwater footprint by 23%. Moreover, it would increase average economic groundwater productivity in Iran by 20% for cereals, and 59% for nuts. We conclude that reducing WFs to climate-specific benchmark levels in a water-stressed country is a promising way to alleviate overexploitation of aquifers and increase national food security.

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Grey water footprint reduction in irrigated crop production: effect of nitrogen application rate, nitrogen form, tillage practice and irrigation strategy

Cited by 59 publications

References 55 publications

Assessing water scarcity in Malaysia: a case study of rice production

Assessing water scarcity in Malaysia: a case study of rice production

Agricultural Water Management Model Based on Grey Water Footprints under Uncertainty and its Application

Groundwater saving and quality improvement by reducing water footprints of crops to benchmarks levels

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