Greenhouse Gas from Organic Waste Composting: Emissions and Measurement

Sánchez, Antoni; Artola, Adriana; Font, Xavier; Gea, Teresa; Barrena, Raquel; Gabriel, David; Sánchez-Monedero, Miguel Á.; Roig, A.; Cayuela, María Luz; Mondini, Claudio

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11906-9_2

Cited by 37 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…In the present experiment, most of the CH 4 emissions were recorded during the first week after application which is in line with others studies (Beck‐Friis, Pell, Sonesson, Jönsson, & Kirchmann, ; Sánchez et al, ; Sánchez‐Monedero, Serramiá, Civantos, Fernández‐Hernández, & Roig, ). For the EMU and FS treatments, 31%–60% of the annual cumulative CH 4 emissions were found during the first 21 days of the experiment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…This could be due to the difference in the degrees of degradability of EFB compared to EMU, which might be coupled with the anaerobic conditions created by rainfall that ultimately favour the methanogenic archaea activity needed for CH 4 production (De Nobili, Contin, Mondini, & Brookes, ). The low emission from the EMU treatments maybe because it was already decomposed and available C was already stabilized/lost from the system (Sánchez et al, ). Thus, when monitoring CH 4 emissions from applied organic amendments, high intensity flux measurements should focus on the period up to 60 days after application, and less so on the period afterwards.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soil greenhouse gas emissions from inorganic fertilizers and recycled oil palm waste products from Indonesian oil palm plantations

et al. 2019

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A continuous rise in the global demand for palm oil has resulted in the large‐scale expansion of oil palm plantations and generated environmental controversy. Efforts to increase the sustainability of oil palm cultivation include the recycling of oil mill and pruning residues in the field, but this may increase soil methane (CH4) emissions. This study reports the results of yearlong field‐based measurements of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and CH4 emissions from commercial plantations in North Sumatra, Indonesia. One experiment investigated the effects of soil‐water saturation on N2O and CH4 emissions from inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments by simulating 25 mm rainfall per day for 21 days. Three additional experiments focused on emissions from (a) inorganic fertilizer (urea), (b) combination of enriched mulch with urea and (c) organic amendments (empty fruit bunches, enriched mulch and pruned oil palm fronds) applied in different doses and spatial layouts (placed in inter‐row zones, piles, patches or bands) for a full year. The higher dose of urea led to a significantly higher N2O emissions with the emission factors ranging from 2.4% to 2.7% in the long‐term experiment, which is considerably higher than the IPCC standard of 1%. Organic amendments were a significant source of both N2O and CH4 emissions, but N2O emissions from organic amendments were 66%–86% lower than those from inorganic fertilizers. Organic amendments applied in piles emitted 63% and 71% more N2O and CH4, respectively, than when spread out. With twice the dose of organic amendments, cumulative emissions were up to three times greater. The (simulated) rainwater experiment showed that the increase in precipitation led to a significant increase in N2O emissions significantly, suggesting that the time of fertilization is a critical management option for reducing emissions. The results from this study could therefore help guide residue and nutrient management practices to reduce emissions while ensuring better nutrient recycling for sustainable oil palm production systems.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil greenhouse gas emissions from inorganic fertilizers and recycled oil palm waste products from Indonesian oil palm plantations

et al. 2019

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“…Given the variability in the emissions generated from windrow and tunnel composting systems, this may lead to an underestimation of the tunnel-based composting emissions. It is also important to note that tunnel-based composting emissions can be captured in biofilters which would reduce or eliminate this difference (Cadena et al 2009;Sánchez et al 2015); however, the surveys administered for this study did not query biofilter use, and thus filter use and related emissions abatement are not accounted for in the assessment.…”

Section: Compost Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Turning and aerating compost frequently will prevent anaerobic conditions and can reduce the CH 4 and N 2 O emissions created by the process (Saer et al 2013). The use of biofilters can also substantially reduce compost 2.49 × 10 emissions such as ammonia (Park et al 2002;Rosenfeld et al 2004;Sánchez et al 2015). Some composters have implemented biofilter technology, reducing their compost emissions impacts.…”

Section: Compost Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A life cycle assessment of Agaricus bisporus mushroom production in the USA

Robinson

Winans

Kendall

et al. 2018

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Purpose Stakeholders across the food product supply chain are increasingly interested in understanding the environmental effects of food production. Mushrooms are a unique food crop, grown in the absence of sunlight and in climate controlled environments. Few life cycle assessment (LCA) studies have been conducted previously on mushrooms and none in the USA. This study assesses the cradle-to-gate life cycle environmental impacts of mushroom production in the USA from cultivation to harvest and preparation for bulk packaging. Methods This process-based LCA uses primary data from mushroom producers to define the foreground system. Primary data for operations were collected from compost and mushroom producers in the USA, representing approximately one third of US mushroom production. Secondary data were collected from life cycle inventory databases and other published resources to define background systems and process emissions from the foreground system. The study uses a functional unit of 1 kg mushrooms and applies the Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML) impact analysis method, supplemented with additional impact categories for energy use, freshwater use, and 20 and 100-year global warming potentials (GWPs) with and without carbon-climate feedback. Results and discussion Results show that GWP 100 impacts range from 2.13 to 2.95 kg CO 2 e/kg of mushroom product, slightly lower than previous mushroom LCAs conducted for Australian and Spanish production systems. Electricity and fossil fuels were the most impactful inputs, not just for GWP, but most other impact categories as well, followed by compost materials, compost emissions, and transportation. Transport of peat, a key input to the mushroom production substrate, and compost materials contributed to 60 and 36% of the total transportation impacts, respectively. The co-product generated by the system, spent mushroom substrate (SMS), was handled using the displacement method. SMS generated very small credits to the system, less than 1% in every impact category. Conclusions Recommendations to improve the commercial mushroom production process include reducing electricity and fossil fuel use through on-site renewable energy generation. This recommendation is primarily relevant to mushroom producers in the Eastern region of the USA, where the electricity grid is the most coal and fossil fuel-intensive. Future work should contextualize the results of this study in the context of nutrition, meal, or diet-level assessments to enable informed food choices.

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“…The resulting knowledge is used to develop the optimal models for composting selected types of biological waste, to ensure that biological waste is fully sanitized, or to shorten composting time and maximize the performance of industrial equipment [13]. The following composting parameters are measured in a bioreactor: temperature, moisture content, aeration rate, and concentration of gases in exhaust air [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dedicated control and measurement system for bioreactors to study the composting process

2019

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During the composting process, waste biomass with high moisture content undergoes various transformation in the presence of oxygen. The composting process is analyzed in dedicated bioreactors which are air-tight facilities with external air supply. Subject to the type of composted plant material, biomass should be periodically turned to promote even aeration. The following information is required to build a model of the composting process: oxygen (air) uptake, moisture content of exhaust gas, production of carbon dioxide, ammonia and other gases in the composting process, and temperature distribution inside the bioreactor. A temperature monitoring system for a bioreactor is difficult to build due to challenging operating conditions including the airtight structure of a bioreactor, high moisture content, the operation of temperature sensors in a highly aggressive environment, problems with uninterrupted power supply for the monitoring system in a bioreactor. This article presents a patented temperature monitoring system for a bioreactor. The system’s design and structure are discussed, and recommendations for functional improvements are made.

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Greenhouse Gas from Organic Waste Composting: Emissions and Measurement

Cited by 37 publications

References 112 publications

Soil greenhouse gas emissions from inorganic fertilizers and recycled oil palm waste products from Indonesian oil palm plantations

Soil greenhouse gas emissions from inorganic fertilizers and recycled oil palm waste products from Indonesian oil palm plantations

A life cycle assessment of Agaricus bisporus mushroom production in the USA

Dedicated control and measurement system for bioreactors to study the composting process

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