Greenhouse gas emissions from domestic hot water: heat pumps compared to most commonly used systems

Hong, Bongghi; Howarth, Robert W.

doi:10.1002/ese3.112

Cited by 31 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…Through their choices and preferences, households could play a significant role in affecting environmental quality when they choose their residential heating systems. For example, according to Hong and Howarth [8], 'replacing any of the water heaters considered in this study with a heat pump water heater will give net climatic benefits over all time frames (up to 100 years)', even if the electricity consumed by heat pumps is generated with carbon sources. Consequently, identifying and understanding the factors that determine the choice of a new heating system by households could be very important in the design of environmentally sustainable and climate mitigation policies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Households’ Preferences for a New ‘Climate-Friendly’ Heating System: Does Contribution to Reducing Greenhouse Gases Matter?

et al. 2019

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This study investigates the preferences of Italian home-owners when choosing a new domestic heating system. The focus is on understanding the influence on consumer choice of a potential label certifying the effect of the heating system on the greenhouse effect. To this end, we designed a survey including a discrete choice experiment and administered it to residents in north-eastern Italy. Our findings reveal that, on average, respondents pay particular attention to the green effect of their purchase. The carbon dioxide reduction label was considered second in terms of importance after cost. Further analysis found that our sample presents three clusters of customers, with intra-cluster homogeneous preferences. The cluster analysis showed that while the initial system costs are considered to varying degrees by the whole sample, the carbon dioxide reduction label was considered important by 79% of respondents (members of clusters 1 and 2). To achieve greater results in reducing the greenhouse effect of the domestic heating sector, a combination of policies should be used simultaneously to achieve greater effectiveness. Our simulations support the hypothesis that policymakers should achieve greater results in terms of reducing the domestic greenhouse gas emissions by applying a combined policy that leverages the importance citizens accord to the different characteristics of a heating system. From our results, the application of a ‘low carbon dioxide ( C O 2 ) emissions’ label will amplify the effect of a subsidy that reduces the initial system costs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Households’ Preferences for a New ‘Climate-Friendly’ Heating System: Does Contribution to Reducing Greenhouse Gases Matter?

et al. 2019

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“…This suggests that future work should include measurement of transient emissions across a sample of appliance types and manufacturers should consider design of new products that minimize CH 4 emissions during startup and shutdown.These findings suggest that CH 4 emissions from residential buildings can be reduced through a combination of inspection and repair of gas leaks, particularly regular checks for unlit pilot flames, but also leak testing readily accessible pipe-fittings (e.g., at point of sale or during energy retrofits), and improved ignition and combustion efficiency for gas appliances. In the longer term, while CH 4 emissions from houses are small compared to most other sources of anthropogenic CH 4 , California's ambitions climate goals (e.g., 80% reduction by 2050) suggest value in promoting a transition to renewable non-fossil energy sources and high-efficiency technologies (e.g., heat pumps, induction heating) for residential water & space heating and cooking18,19 .05CH11231. The statements and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily those of CEC.…”

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confidence: 99%

An Estimate of Natural Gas Methane Emissions from California Homes

Fischer

Chan

Delp

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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We estimate postmeter methane (CH) emissions from California's residential natural gas (NG) system using measurements and analysis from a sample of homes and appliances. Quiescent whole-house emissions (i.e., pipe leaks and pilot lights) were measured using a mass balance method in 75 California homes, while CH to CO emission ratios were measured for steady operation of individual combustion appliances and, separately, for transient operation of three tankless water heaters. Measured quiescent whole-house emissions are typically <1 g CH/day, though they exhibit long-tailed gamma distributions containing values >10 g CH/day. Most operating appliances yield undetectable CH to CO enhancements in steady operation (<0.01% of gas consumed), though storage water heaters and stovetops exhibit long-tailed gamma distributions containing high values (∼1-3% of gas consumed), and transients are observed for the tankless heaters. Extrapolating results to the state-level using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling combined with California housing statistics and gas use information suggests quiescent house leakage of 23.4 (13.7-45.6, at 95% confidence) Gg CH, with pilot lights contributing ∼30%. Emissions from steady operation of appliances and their pilots are 13.3 (6.6-37.1) Gg CH/yr, an order of magnitude larger than current inventory estimates, with transients likely increasing appliance emissions further. Together, emissions from residential NG are 35.7 (21.7-64.0) Gg CH/yr, equivalent to ∼15% of California's NG CH emissions, suggesting leak repair, improvement of combustion appliances, and adoption of nonfossil energy heating sources can help California meet its 2050 climate goals.

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“…Mechanical storage technology—including pumped hydroelectric system, compressed air energy storage system, and flywheel energy storage systems Thermal storage technology—including low‐temperature and high‐temperature technology Electrical storage technology—including supercapacitors and superconducting magnetic energy storage technology …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on promotion incentive policy and mechanism simulation model of energy storage technology

Wang

Tan

et al. 2019

Energy Science & Engineering

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With the promulgation and implementation of a large number of renewable energy policies in China, the rapid development of renewable energy is accompanied by the prominent phenomenon of renewable energy abandoning wind and light. Energy storage technology is the key technology to promote the consumption of renewable energy. The government can promote the energy storage technology through the incentive policy of energy storage industry. Firstly, content analysis method is used to analyze China's energy storage policy, and five incentive policies for promoting energy storage technology are obtained. Secondly, built a game model of energy storage technology promotion based on the evolutionary game theory. Finally, use MATLAB software for numerical simulation. Numerical simulation results show that: (a) When the local government chooses to promote less, energy enterprises will eventually adopt the nonconfigure strategy; (b) when the local government chooses to promote more vigorously, energy enterprises will finally adopt the configure strategy; (c) increase in the total electricity sold by energy enterprises with energy storage devices, the sales price of energy stored per unit, the compensation price of energy stored per unit, tax relief standards, and incentive costs of local governments can promote energy enterprises to choose configure strategies; and (d) the reduction of unit energy storage cost, configure cost, and comprehensive tax rate can promote energy enterprises to choose configure strategy.

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Greenhouse gas emissions from domestic hot water: heat pumps compared to most commonly used systems

Cited by 31 publications

References 30 publications

Households’ Preferences for a New ‘Climate-Friendly’ Heating System: Does Contribution to Reducing Greenhouse Gases Matter?

Households’ Preferences for a New ‘Climate-Friendly’ Heating System: Does Contribution to Reducing Greenhouse Gases Matter?

An Estimate of Natural Gas Methane Emissions from California Homes

Research on promotion incentive policy and mechanism simulation model of energy storage technology

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