Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Red Seaweed for the Elimination of Organic Toxic Dye from an Aqueous Solution

Abstract

This study aims to produce green zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) derived from red seaweed (Pterocladia Capillacea) and evaluate their potential to absorb Ismate violet 2R (IV2R) ions from an aqueous solution. UV-vis spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis (BET) were used to analyze the structural, morphological, and optical features of the synthesized nanoparticles. The change in color of the chemical solution revealed the formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The FTIR examination confirmed the synthesis of both Zn and ZnO nanoparticle powder, with a BET surface area of 113.751 m2 g−1 and an average pore size of 2.527 nm for the synthesized adsorbent. Furthermore, the maximum removal effectiveness of IV2R was 99% when 0.08 g ZnO-NPs was applied at a pH of 6, a temperature of 55 °C, and a contact time of 120 min. The dye adsorption capacity of the ZnO-NPs was 72.24 mg g−1. The adsorption process was also controlled by the Freundlich adsorption model and pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics. The adsorption of IV2R ions onto the ZnO-NPs could be represented as a nonideal and reversible sorption process of a nonuniform surface, according to Freundlich adsorption isotherms. In addition, the constant values of the model parameters were determined using various nonlinear regression error functions. Moreover, thermodynamic parameters such as entropy change, enthalpy change, and free energy change were investigated; the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The high capacity of the ZnO-NPs synthesized by red seaweed promotes them as promising substances for applications in water treatment for the removal of IV2R dye from aqueous systems.

Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by a Green Method Using Sargassum Extracts

“…ZnO nanoparticles have been obtained by chemical [ 11 ], physical [ 12 ] and biological methods [ 13 ]. It has been claimed that ZnO NPs can be successfully synthesized from natural sources, such as plants [ 14 , 15 , 16 ], fruits [ 17 , 18 , 19 ], and recently alga species [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. The synergy between their size/morphology and positive surface potential can produce functional NPs with high antibacterial and anti-inflammatory features.…”

Commercial Seaweed Liquid Extract as Strawberry Biostimulants and Bioethanol Production

“…Seaweeds are marine organisms rich in numerous phytochemical bioactive compounds that can be used for commercial applications [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Seaweeds have applications in fuels [ 15 , 16 , 17 ], feed [ 18 , 19 , 20 ], bioremediation [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ], and food products [ 25 , 26 ].…”

Algal Extracts for Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Promising Approach for Algae Bioremediation

“…Nanotechnology has revolutionized the world by enabling the production of materials with unique and superior properties. Nanoparticles, which are particles with at least one dimension less than 100 nanometers, are a class of materials that have gained significant attention attributed to their potential applications in several fields like agriculture, food processing and packaging, water treatment, aquaculture, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. However, the traditional chemical methods used for green nanoparticle synthesis have several drawbacks, including the use of toxic chemicals, high energy consumption, and non-renewable resources.…”

“…Several studies have reported the use of different species of seaweed and microalgae for the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs [ 7 , 23 , 24 ]. For example, Sargassum [ 25 ], Caulerpa [ 26 ], Gracilaria [ 27 ], Pterocladia [ 3 ], and Arthrospira [ 28 ] are commonly used for the synthesis of ZnO-NPs due to their high content of reducing agents and other bioactive compounds. Rhodophyta, in particular, has demonstrated potential for the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs due to the presence of unique bioactive components that enhance the reduction of metal ions and prevent the growth of nanoparticles [ 3 ].…”

“…For example, Sargassum [ 25 ], Caulerpa [ 26 ], Gracilaria [ 27 ], Pterocladia [ 3 ], and Arthrospira [ 28 ] are commonly used for the synthesis of ZnO-NPs due to their high content of reducing agents and other bioactive compounds. Rhodophyta, in particular, has demonstrated potential for the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs due to the presence of unique bioactive components that enhance the reduction of metal ions and prevent the growth of nanoparticles [ 3 ]. Marine macroalgae have an advantage over terrestrial plants in the biosynthesis of ZnO-NPs because they do not compete for agricultural land or freshwater resources.…”