Green Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles Using Acorus calamus Leaf Extract and Evaluating Its Photocatalytic and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity

Abstract

Here, we present an innovative and creative sustainable technique for the fabrication of titania (TiO2) using Acorus calamus (A. calamus) leaf extract as a new biogenic source, as well as a capping and reducing agent. The optical, structural, morphological, surface, and thermal characteristics of biosynthesized nanoparticles were investigated using UV, FTIR, SEM, DLS, BET, and TGA-DSC analysis. The phase formation and presence of nanocrystalline TiO2 were revealed by the XRD pattern. FTIR analysis revealed conjugation, as well as the presence of Ti–O and O–H vibrational bands. The nanoparticles were noticed to be globular, with an average size of 15–40 nm, according to the morphological analysis, and the impact of size quantification was also investigated using DLS. The photocatalytic activity of bare, commercial P-25 and biosynthesized TiO2 (G-TiO2) nanoparticles in aqueous solution of rhodamine B (RhB) dye was investigated under visible light irradiation at different time intervals. The biosynthesized TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited strong photocatalytic activity, degrading 96.59% of the RhB dye. Different kinetic representations were utilized to analyze equilibrium details. The pseudo-first-order reaction was best suited with equilibrium rate constant (K1) and regression coefficients (R2) values 3.72 × 10−4 and 0.99, respectively. The antimicrobial efficacy of the prepared nanoparticles was investigated using the disc diffusion technique. Further, biosynthesized TiO2 showed excellent antimicrobial activity against the selected gram-positive staining (B. subtilis, S. aureus) over gram-negative (P. aeruginosa, E. coli) pathogenic bacteria in comparison to bare TiO2.

TiO2/Karaya Composite for Photoinactivation of Bacteria

“…This The nitrogen adoption-desorption isotherms of the GKT are shown in Figure 4a,b. The isotherm was similar to the IUPAC type-IV classification, which indicated the existence of a mesoporous structure [44][45][46]. Table 1 shows the surface area, pore volume, and pore size of the GKT.…”

Comparative Experimental Investigation of Biodegradable Antimicrobial Polymer-Based Composite Produced by 3D Printing Technology Enriched with Metallic Particles

“…They claimed the best results with 5% of material after 30 days. In another study reported by Ansari et al [ 62 ], the antimicrobial activity of material prepared from leaf extracts was tested. They demonstrated that the maximum efficiency was achieved after 24 h against common bacteria.…”

One-Step Phytofabrication Method of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Using Haloxylon salicornicum for Anticancer, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities

“…The wide range of inorganic NP uses arises from their distinct physicochemical and biological characteristics, including their small size to the large surface area, high surface energy, a large fraction of surface atoms, reduced imperfections, spatial confinement, surface plasmon light scattering, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Rayleigh scattering, surface-enhanced Raman, and scattering (SERS) properties [ 18 , 19 ]. Many reports have shown the ability of several plant parts, including the leaves, roots, stems [ 20 ], seeds [ 21 ], flowers [ 22 ], and others, to synthesize various controlled shapes and sizes of inorganic NPs that incorporate silver [ 20 ], gold [ 20 ], platinum [ 23 ], palladium [ 24 ], and metal oxides such as titanium oxide [ 25 ], iron oxide [ 26 ], copper oxide [ 27 ], etc. These green NPs exhibit potent biological activity against pathogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae causing meningitis [ 28 ], Klebsiella pneumoniae causing pneumonia and bloodstream infections [ 29 ], Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infections [ 30 ], and Staphylococcus aureus causing infective endocarditis and osteoarticular infections [ 31 ].…”