“…Among the semiconductors extensively investigated for environmental remediation, Titanium Dioxide (TiO 2 ), Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Cadmium Sulfide (CdS), and g-C 3 N 4 , among others, stand out . Titanium Dioxide (TiO 2 ) is a prominently studied photocatalyst known for its advantages, including photocatalytic solid oxidation, nontoxic, photostability, chemical stability, and cost-effectiveness …”