Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki: a potential cytotoxic agent against breast cancer cells

Abstract

Background Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are an important class of nanomaterial for a wide range of industrial and biomedical applications. AgNPs have been used as antimicrobial and disinfectant agents due their detrimental effect on target cells. The aim of our study was to determine the cytotoxic effects of biologically synthesized AgNPs using hot aqueous extracts of the mycelia of Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Methods We developed a green method for the synthesis of water-soluble AgNPs by treating silver ions with hot aqueous extract of the mycelia of G. neo-japonicum. The formation of AgNPs was characterized by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the toxicity of synthesized AgNPs was evaluated using a series of assays: such as cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase leakage, reactive oxygen species generation, caspase 3, DNA laddering, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling in human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Results The ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy results showed a strong resonance centered on the surface of AgNPs at 420 nm. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the synthesized AgNPs were single-crystalline, corresponding with the result of transmission electron microscopy. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with various concentrations of AgNPs (1–10 μg/mL) for 24 hours revealed that AgNPs could inhibit cell viability and induce membrane leakage in a dose-dependent manner. Cells exposed to AgNPs showed increased reactive oxygen species and hydroxyl radical production. Furthermore, the apoptotic effects of AgNPs were confirmed by activation of caspase 3 and DNA nuclear fragmentation. Conclusion The results indicate that AgNPs possess cytotoxic effects with apoptotic features and suggest that the reactive oxygen species generated by AgNPs have a significant role in apoptosis. The present findings suggest that AgNPs could contribute to the development of a suitable anticancer drug, which may lead to the development of a novel nanomedicine for the treatment of cancers.

Oxidative stress mediated cytotoxicity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles in human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line

“…In case of gram-positive bacteria such as B. licheniformis [33], Bacillus thuringiensis [44], and Ganoderma japonicum [45] produced an average size of 50, 15, and 5 nm, respectively. Earlier studies showed that bio-AgNPs synthesized with the supernatant form E. coli and B. licheniformis were about 50 nm [4,33].…”

“…Several studies have suggested that the antitumor or antiproliferation activity of silver and gold nanoparticles to cancer cells was observed due to formation of ROS inside the cells [45,64-66]. …”

Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Ganoderma Lucidum and Assessment of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity

“…The consequent reduction of silver ions (Ag + ) was monitored periodically for 24 h. After 4 hours of incubation, the color of the reaction mixture changed from light yellow to pale yellow color, further the color was changed into dark brown indicating the formation of Ag-NPs (Gurunathan et al, 2013).…”

“…Therefore, in the present study, the Ganoderma lucidum an important medicinal mushroom has been explored for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Gurunathan et al, 2013;Kannan et al, 2014). These fungi constitute a very favorable object of Nano-biotechnological studies, as they can accumulate large amounts of reduced nanoparticles (Arun et al, 2014).…”

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of GO-Fe3O4 hybrid in cultured mammalian cells

“…ZnO, AgNPs, TiO 2 , Fe 3 O 4 ) have been manufactured and incorporated into different products (e.g., plastics, glass, textiles, reinforce, pigments, medical devices and many others) to expand their properties and broaden product's applications 5,6 . It was possible thanks to the unique capabilities of metal oxides, such as catalytic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, optoelectronic or ferromagnetic characteristics 5, 6 . It was also found that some of those attractive metal oxides can be cyto-and/or genotoxic and induce cellular changes resulting in a disruption of mitochondrial membrane integrity, DNA fragmentation and cell death.…”