Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of GO-Fe₃O₄ hybrid in cultured mammalian cells

Abstract

The study was aimed at investigating the effect of the Fe 3 O 4 hybrid deposited on graphene oxide (GO-Fe 3 O 4 ) on the relative viability and DNA integrity. The properties of the GO-Fe 3 O 4 hybrid were analyzed using a transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) and thermal gravimetric method (TGA), while the effi ciency of graphene oxide covalent functionalization with iron oxide nanospheres was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). L929 and MCF-7 cell lines were selected to analyze the biocompatibility of GO-Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. The hybrid was tested using WST-1 and LDH leakage assays. DNA integrity was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and micronucleus assay was performed to examine chromosomal damage in the exposed cell lines. The tested GO-Fe 3 O 4 hybrid did not signifi cantly reduce cell metabolism of L929 cells. GO-Fe 3 O 4 hybrid particles only slightly affected the integrity of cell membranes. DNA integrity and micronucleus assays did not indicate genotoxicity of the hybrid.

Genotoxicity of Graphene-Based Materials

“…The main PC parameters measured in the reviewed articles were thickness, lateral size, zeta potential, and hydrodynamic diameter. However, although not so commonly, other parameters such as surface area [ 54 , 55 , 56 ], chemical composition [ 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ], impurity concentration [ 56 , 57 , 63 , 64 , 67 , 68 ], aggregation/agglomeration [ 54 , 60 , 63 , 64 , 69 , 70 ], morphology and/or surface characteristics [ 55 , 57 , 71 , 72 ], thermal stability [ 67 ], elasticity [ 56 ], precipitation in suspension [ 65 ], number of layers [ 54 , 57 , 60 , 61 , 63 , 64 , 71 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 ] hydrophobicity [ …”

“…A total of six publications analyzed MN formation after exposure to GBMs [ 58 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 78 ] ( Table 1 ). Most of these publications used the conventional CBMN assay for this purpose, but a flow cytometer-based method using the MicroFlow Kit (Litron, Rochester, NY) was also performed in the study by Petibone et al, 2017 [ 58 ].…”

“…Regarding the material studied, GO, graphene platelets, and different functionalization of FLG were investigated. Three studies tested different forms of GO on lymphocyte cell lines (Jurkat, WIL2-NS) and primary lymphocytes [ 65 ], human fibroblasts [ 78 ], and L929 and MCF-7 cell lines [ 66 ]. Only GO nanosheets significantly increased MN frequency in human primary lymphocytes after 44 h of exposure at 50 and 100 µg/mL [ 65 ].…”

“…On the other hand, another type of GO (10 µg/mL) did not induce MN formation in human fibroblasts after 24 h of exposure [ 78 ]. Similarly, GO-Fe 3 O 4 (3.125–100 µg/mL) did not increase MN frequency in L929 and MCF-7 cell lines after a 48-h exposure [ 66 ].…”

Cytotoxicity Effect of Iron Oxide (Fe3O4)/Graphene Oxide (GO) Nanosheets in Cultured HBE Cells

“…Mounting literature indicated that the GO coupled with magnetic nanoparticles could serve as a potential material for the diagnosis and treatment of cancers ( Chen H. et al, 2021 ). Currently, several researches reported various methods to synthesize magnetic and graphite nanostructured composites (Fe 3 O 4 /GO) for catalytic, water purification, biomedical diagnostic, and therapeutic applications ( Jedrzejczak-Silicka, 2017 ; Yan et al, 2019 ; Niu et al, 2021 ; Sadighian et al, 2021 ). This combination of topical hyperthermia materials is also regarded as a promising candidate for drug delivery ( Karimi and Namazi, 2021 ; Wen et al, 2021 ).…”