“…CNFs with widths of 10 to 30 nm and lengths of several microns show potential applications in the area of transparent films, strong materials, foods, cosmetics, flexible displays, pharmaceutical application, and electrochemistry due to their excellent properties of large surface area, light weight, high Young's modulus, low coefficient of thermal expansion, biodegradability, and biocompatibility (Nishino et al 2004;Nishiyama 2009;Nogi and Yano 2009;Nyholm et al 2011;Li et al 2012;Lin and Dufresne 2014). However, efficient production of CNF is still facing the challenges of high energy consumption and a need to increase capacity.…”