Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications: A Review

Abstract

In the arena of material sciences, one of the burning topics for research has been biogenically synthesizing nanoparticles (NPs) from plant derivatives and studying their applicability to be used as sustainable catalysts. The contemporary work happening on nanocatalysts focuses on the scope of application of green catalysts. For devising a technology that is ecofriendly as well as rapid, it seems a very viable option to biogenically synthesize NPs from plants. The potential that plants have in synthesizing these NPs has been mostly an unexplored venture, and the massive plant diversity is the reason for this is the lack of exploration. The NPs have antioxidant, antibacterial, and antimicrobial characteristics, which make them suitable candidates for application in different biomedical applications. This review begins with a discussion about the different natural products that are used for NP synthesis and goes on to discuss the factors that affect the synthesis. The authors have aimed to provide detailed information about green NPs and their applications in different biomedical areas. Existing literature on NP-based biomedical applications focuses more on synthetic NPs, and we hope that this review will help the readers to formulate a fresh perspective by concentrating their interests toward naturally synthesized NPs and their applications.

All Shapes and Phases of Nanometer-Sized Iron Oxides Made from Natural Sources and Waste Material via Green Synthesis Approach: A Review

“…Green technology in the synthesis of nanometer-sized iron oxides undoubtedly would affect their applications, especially in biomedical and environmental-related applications. , Nevertheless, some applications of the so-called green iron oxides beyond the biomedical and environmental-related applications have been reported, such as in energy conversion and storage, sensors, and other electronic device applications, − as shown in Figure . As we stated previously, green synthesis is not only related to the utilization of bioagents (enzymes, vitamins, bacteria, fungi, yeast, and plants (four panels on the left-hand sides in Figure )) during the synthesis but also the low-toxicity and low-boiling solvent agents also can be used to achieve green chemistry (right-hand side panel in Figure ).…”

Microconfinement from Dendronized Chitosan Oligosaccharides for Mild Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

“…Recently, chitosan, a class of easily available polysaccharides, has been proved to be promising as a biological reducing agent and stabilizer in the preparation of metal nanoparticles. , However, it is still necessary to enhance the efficiency of the biosynthesis processes under mild conditions. , Therefore, reducing agents, especially those that can simultaneously be used to synthetize nanoparticles and form chelates through coordination or macrocyclic effects to provide thermodynamic stability, are continuously emerging. , Among them, nano-sized dendrimers are one class of attractive candidates due to their three-dimensional molecular geometry. Their tree-like topological structures have the advantage of creating confined microenvironments for complexation with metal ions through multivalences and cooperative interactions and can promote their transformation into nanoparticles efficiently. ,− Furthermore, the diversity of functional groups in dendrimers makes it possible to obtain unique properties, such as intelligent pH- or thermo-responsive behavior .…”

“…17,27 However, it is still necessary to enhance the efficiency of the biosynthesis processes under mild conditions. 28,29 Therefore, reducing agents, especially those that can simultaneously be used to synthetize nanoparticles and form chelates through coordination or macrocyclic effects to provide thermodynamic stability, are continuously emerging. 30,31 Among them, nano-sized dendrimers are one class of attractive candidates due to their three-dimensional molecular geometry.…”

Applications of Alginate-Based Nanomaterials in Enhancing the Therapeutic Effects of Bee Products

“…Further, nanotechnology applications have allowed the loading of specific compounds extracted from the bee products with more predictable therapeutic effects for use in targeted therapies ( Patra et al, 2018 ). Towards keeping the bee products as natural and non-toxic therapeutics, the green synthesis of nanocarriers loaded with these products or their extracts has received a special attention ( Sharma et al, 2019 ; Bonsignore et al, 2021 ; Shreyash et al, 2021 ). Owing to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, stability, sustainability, and ability to control the release of loaded therapeutics, naturally derived polysaccharides have emerged as efficient polymeric nano-carriers ( Nitta and Numata, 2013 ; Maiti and Jana, 2019 ; Jana et al, 2021 ).…”