Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles, Silver Nanoparticles and Gold-Silver Alloy Nanoparticles Using Ziziphus spina-christi Leaf Extracts and Antibacterial Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

Abstract

Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Ziziphus spina-christi Leaf Extracts and its Antibacterial ActivityMultidrug-resistant bacteria continue to pose the greatest threat to public health. Metallic nanoparticles are one of the more promising strategies for combating antibiotic resistance. This research aims to determine the effect of gold and silver nanoparticles and gold-silver alloy nanoparticles as antibacterial agents. On the other hand, biogenic synthesized gold and silver nanoparticles using Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract and preparation of gold-silver alloy nanoparticles for treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria were studied. The formation of nanoparticles was characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Antibacterial activity of the biosynthesized gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles and gold-silver alloy nanoparticles was studied against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii and Enterococcus faecalis. In the present study, the minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 61.33 to 64 µg/ml and the minimum bactericidal concentration of the silver nanoparticles ranged from 85.33 to 93.33 µg/ml against multidrug-resistant strains. Synthesized gold nanoparticles had no inhibition zone, indicating that silver nanoparticles have no negative effect on multidrug-resistant bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration of gold nanoparticles was in high concentration against multidrug-resistant strain was not bactericidal. The highest minimum inhibitory concentration of gold nanoparticles was 114 µg/ml. Finally, the minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 53.33 to 62 µg/ml and the minimum bactericidal concentration of the gold-silver alloy nanoparticles ranged from 77.33 to 93.33 µg/ml against multidrug-resistant strains. These results indicate that gold-silver alloy nanoparticles showed higher antimicrobial ability when compared to silver nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles alone. Finally, the synthesized nanoparticles could be used as an alternative antimicrobial agent against multidrug-resistant bacteria, according to our findings.

Applications of Green Synthesized Metal Nanoparticles — a Review

“…The gold nanoparticle detected, diagnose, and healing of many diseases. Au nanoparticle is a very important tool for biomedical applications [223,224]. The green synthesized gold nanoparticles are considered through various instrumentation techniques such as UV-Vis, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), SEM, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and also the gold nanoparticle is mainly concerned to enhance various biomedical applications such as antibacterial, drugs delivering factor for therapeutic cancer level from chemical hazardous to biomolecules, catalysis, photonics, electronics, and sensing [84, [225][226][227][228].…”

A panoramic review on ethnomedicinal, therapeutic, phytochemical, and advance attributes, of the genus Ziziphus Mill., native to Pakistan

“…In addition to producing more stable nanoparticles than other techniques, green synthesis is more scalable and environmentally sustainable as it does not involve hazardous chemicals, high temperatures, or pressure.Unlike bulk materials, nanoparticles displayed entirely new or better because of their small size and high surfaceto-volume ratio (Padalia et al 2021). Species of the genus Ziziphus extract have been used in the biosynthesis of copper, silver, gold, zinc, and selenium nanoparticles (Khani et al 2018, Seku et al 2021, Alzahrani et al 2022, Rahman et al 2021. The antibacterial properties of Cu-NPs nanoparticles synthesized from Ziziphus spina-christi fruit extract were studied against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.…”

“…Gold nanoparticles are applied against bacterial infection and found fruitful results.Alzahrani et al studied the comparative analysis of the antibacterial activity of gold, silver, and gold-silver alloy nanoparticles synthesized from Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract against multi-drug resistance bacteria. The result reported that gold-silver alloy nanoparticles showed strong antibacterial potential with the minimum inhibitory bactericidal concentration of 77.33 to 93.33µg/ml(Alzahrani et al 2022). The latest study, undertaken by Padalia et al confirmed that gold nanoparticles synthesized from Ziziphus nummularia leaves extract showed potent…”