Applications of Green Synthesized Metal Nanoparticles — a Review

Abstract

Green nanotechnology is an emerging field of science that focuses on the production of nanoparticles by living cells through biological pathways. This topic plays an extremely imperative responsibility in various fields, including pharmaceuticals, nuclear energy, fuel and energy, electronics, and bioengineering. Biological processes by green synthesis tools are more suitable to develop nanoparticles ranging from 1 to 100 nm compared to other related methods, owing to their safety, ecofriendliness, non-toxicity, and cost-effectiveness. In particular, the metal nanoparticles are synthesized by top-down and bottom-up approaches through various techniques like physical, chemical, and biological methods. Their characterization is very vital and the confirmation of nanoparticle traits is done by various instrumentation analyses such as UV-Vis spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), annular dark-field imaging (HAADF), and intracranial pressure (ICP). In this review, we provide especially information on green synthesized metal nanoparticles, which are helpful to improve biomedical and environmental applications. In particular, the methods and conditions of plant-based synthesis, characterization techniques, and applications of green silver, gold, iron, selenium, and copper nanoparticles are overviewed.

Application of Functionalized Zn-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks (Zn-MOFs) with CuO in Heterocycle Synthesis via Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition

“…37−39 Metal nanoparticles (NPs) possess unique physical and chemical properties that differ from bulk metals, making them useful in various applications. 40,41 genation, and carbon−carbon coupling reactions. 42,43 They can serve as catalysts in industrial processes for chemical and fuel production.…”

“…Metal nanoparticles (NPs) possess unique physical and chemical properties that differ from bulk metals, making them useful in various applications. , Metal nanoparticles have demonstrated excellent catalytic activity in oxidation, hydrogenation, and carbon–carbon coupling reactions. , They can serve as catalysts in industrial processes for chemical and fuel production. A simple impregnation method, involving the encapsulation of metal nanoparticles within MOFs, can produce nanocomposite materials with distinctive catalytic properties, representing a significant objective in MOF catalysis research .…”

Novel carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) fromCatharanthus roseuspetals for metal ion sensing and root growth modulation

“…Green synthesis is one such method that offers numerous advantages, including lower toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Moreover, plants contain many phytochemical compounds such as phenolics, terpenoids, polysaccharides, and flavonoids that possess oxidation–reduction capabilities, which are preferably utilized for the green synthesis of nanoparticles (Vijayaram et al, 2023). The biological molecules present in the phytochemicals, used as both reducing and capping agents provide an advantage in preventing the agglomeration of NPs, reducing toxicity, and improving antimicrobial action (Thapa & Roy Choudhury, 2021).…”

Vitex Agnus‐Castus L. Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization and Assessment of Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity

“…The obtained green metal synthesis has many advantages such as mild synthesis conditions, simplicity, low cost, and not harming the environment due to the absence of toxic reagents. [1,2] There have been many recent studies on the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in various industries, biomedicine, and environmental applications. [2][3][4] The potential of plants to reduce metal ions, both at the surface and in various organs and tissues far from the site of ion penetration, has been recognized for a long time.…”

“…[1,2] There have been many recent studies on the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in various industries, biomedicine, and environmental applications. [2][3][4] The potential of plants to reduce metal ions, both at the surface and in various organs and tissues far from the site of ion penetration, has been recognized for a long time. Plant-based synthesis of AgNPs is an important branch of biosynthesis processes.…”