Green synthesis and characterization of spherical copper nanoparticles as organometallic antibacterial agent

Abstract

A facile and green route for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) has been achieved using green tea extract as a reducing, capping and stabilizing agent. UV-visible spectra gave surface plasmon resonance at 560 nm. The Cu NPs were characterized using various techniques. The size of the Cu NPs was about 20 nm. Antibacterial activity of biogenic Cu NPs were investigated against bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and compared based on diameter of inhibition zone in disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of NPs dispersed in liquid cultures. The NPs showed better inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. subtilis) compared to Gram-negative bacteria. Toxicity of the NPs was evaluated against animal cell line using MTT assay.

Green Adeptness in the Synthesis and Stabilization of Copper Nanoparticles: Catalytic, Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity, and Antioxidant Activities

“…Sugars such as monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (maltose and lactose), and polysaccharides in Camellia sinensis plant [63] can act as reducing agents or antioxidants and have a series of tautomeric transformations from ketone to aldehyde.…”

“…ciceris , Macrophomina phaseolina , Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. udum , and Rhizoctonia bataticola –[58] Ginkgo biloba CatalyticHuisgen [3 + 2] cycloaddition of azides and alkynes10 mol%[59] Calotropis procera CytotoxicityStudy on HeLa, A549, and BHK21 cell lines (cancer tumors)120 μM[60] Citrus medicalinn Antibacterial Propionibacterium acne s (MTCC 1951), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 51812), K. pneumoniae (MTCC 4030), P. aeruginosa , and Escherichia coli 20 μL[62]Antifungal Fusarium culmorum (MTCC 349) and Fusarium oxysporum (MTCC 1755)20 μL[62] Camellia sinensis Antibacterial Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and Bacillus subtilis 2, 4, 6, and 8 μg/L[63]AnticancerHT-29, MCF7, and MOLT4 cell lines80 μg/mL[104] Datura innoxia Antibacterial Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae [64] Sesamum indicum CatalyticAdsorption of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide0.01–0.06 g[66] Citrus limon and Turmeric curcumin Antibacterial Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and Bacillus subtilis –[67]Antifungal Candida albicans , Curvularia , Aspergillus niger , Trichophyton simii –[67] Ficus carica Antibacterial Pediococcus acidilactici 10 μg/mL[69] Leucas aspera CatalyticDegradation of methylene blue1 mL[73] Thymus vulgaris CatalyticReduction of 4-nitrophenol and synthesis of 1-substituted 1 H -1,2,3,4-tetrazole50 g and 15 mg, respectively[76] Phyllanthus emblica Antibacterial Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli –[77] Magnolia kobus Antibacterial Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)–[78]…”

“…Copper nanoparticles were synthesized and stabilized in the literature by using different plants such as Euphorbia esula [56], Punica granatum [57], Ocimum sanctum [58], Ginkgo biloba [59], Calotropis procera [60], Lawsonia inermis [61], Citrus medicalinn [62], Camellia sinensis [63], Datura innoxia [64], Syzygium aromaticum [65], Sesamum indicum [66], Citrus limon , Turmeric curcumin [67], Gloriosa superba L. [68], Ficus carica [69], Aegle marmelos [70], Caesalpinia pulcherrima [71], Cassia fistula [72], Leucas aspera , Leucas chinensis [73], Delonix elata [74], Aloe barbadensis Miller [75], Thymus vulgaris [76], Phyllanthus emblica [77], Magnolia kobus [78], Eucalyptus [79], Artabotrys odoratissimus [80], Capparis zeylanica [81], Vitis vinifera [82], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [83], Zingiber officinale [84], Datura metel [85], Zea mays [86], Urtica , Matricaria chamomilla , Glycyrrhiza glabra , Schisandra chinensis , Inula helenium , Cinnamomum [87], Dodonaea viscosa [88], Cassia auriculata [89], Azadirachta indica , Lantana camera , Tridax procumbens [90], Allium sativum [91], Asparagus adscendens , Bacopa monnieri , Ocimum bacilicum , Withania somnifera [92], Smithia sensitiva , Colocasia esculenta [93], Nerium oleander [94], and Psidium guajava [95]; by using different algae/fungi such as Phaeophyceae [96], Stereum hirsutum [97], and Hypocrea lixii [98]; and by using some microorganisms such as Pseudomonas fluorescens [99] and Enterococcus faecalis [100] cultures.…”

Biofabrication of iron oxide nanoparticles by leaf extract of Rhamnus virgata: Characterization and evaluation of cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials

“…On the other hand, green synthesis of NPs via plant extracts is ecofriendly, energy efficient, time affordable, cost effective and there is no need to utilize high‐temperature, ‐pressure and hazardous chemicals that may possess toxic effects in biomedical applications . Bioreduction of a precursor salt of iron by phytochemicals is one such biomimetic method in which these phytochemicals are utilized as strong reducing, capping and stabilizing agents . Green synthesis of NPs employing plant extract may be influenced by phytocompounds present in plant extract; flavonoids, phenols, antioxidants and physicochemical factors governing the kinetics of a reaction …”

Facile synthesis of PEG‐coated magnetite (Fe3O4) and embedment of gold nanoparticle as a nontoxic antimicrobial agent

“…An active area of research has been currently focused on the development of low‐cost, broad‐spectrum, eco‐friendly, long‐lifetime, and reusable antimicrobial agents. To overcome antibiotic resistance, an approach to be taken might be the use of novel synthesized nanostructures with potential antimicrobial properties …”