Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Tualang honey and evaluation of their antioxidant activities

Abstract

Natural products are widely used in the synthesis of various types of metallic nanoparticles including silver nanoparticles. Tualang honey is one of the potential natural products which is rich in polyphenols and antioxidant capacity. This study aims to synthesise and characterise the silver nanoparticles by using Tualang honey through green method and evaluate their antioxidant activities. The formation of silver nanoparticles was examined by visual observation and further confirmed by UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The characterisation of silver nanoparticles was determined by using x-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The in vitro antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrul hydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. The synthesis was confirmed physically through the colour changes from light brown to dark brown which indicates the reduction of silver ion to silver nanoparticles. UV-Visible spectrum results showed the highest absorbance peak at 410 nm. X-ray diffraction results showed that the face-centred cubic crystalline shaped nanoparticles were formed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results revealed the available functional groups that act as capping and stabilising agents for the silver nanoparticles. Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis exhibited the spherical shape and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the size range of silver nanoparticles of 22 nm. The silver nanoparticles exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrul hydrazyl and reducing antioxidant power values of 95.54 ± 0.96 (%) and 1032.30 ± 102.76 μM Fe(II), respectively. In conclusion, the silver nanoparticles synthesised by green method can be a potential source for the biomedical applications based on the beneficial properties of the Tualang honey.

Silver nanoparticles synthesized using Tualang honey ameliorate seizures, locomotor activity, and memory function in KA-induced status epilepticus in male rats

“…THSN was prepared via the green synthesis method. The synthesis and characterization of THSN are reported in our previous preliminary study 21 . The THSN was formulated in powder form and dissolved in 0.5 mL of distilled water before each use.…”

“…Recently, there has been emerging research interest in the plant-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles due to their cost-effectiveness, environment-friendliness, and low toxicity profile compared to their hazardous chemicalmediated counterparts 19 . Few strategies have been explored to enhance honey's absorption and bioavailability, including the development of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Tualang honey (TH) formulations 20, 21 . In this study, we used Tualang honeymediated silver nanoparticles (THSN) to increase the bioactivity of the substance in the rat's brain.…”

“…In this study, we used Tualang honeymediated silver nanoparticles (THSN) to increase the bioactivity of the substance in the rat's brain. Our previous work showed that nanoparticles derived from THSN possess high antioxidant activity and ferric/reducing antioxidant power, with an average size of 22 nm, which most likely improves its bioavailability in the body 21 . However, we have not studied the efficacy of THSN in vivo.…”

“…TH, a reducing agent used to synthesize the silver nanoparticles, contains various chemical compounds such as acids, aldehydes, alcohol, ketones, terpenes, hydrocarbons, and furan derivatives 32 , as well as phytochemical compounds 33 . THSN has been reported to contain alcohols, phenols, amides, carboxylate ions, and protein and exhibit high antioxidant activity 21 . The presence of antioxidant components (e.g., flavonoids) may be responsible for the anticonvulsant properties exhibited by silver nanoparticles 34 by acting as benzodiazepine-like molecules in the central nervous system and altering GABA-generated chloride currents in a seizure model 35,36 .…”

Tualang honey-mediated silver nanoparticles attenuate hippocampal oxidative stress in kainic acid-induced male rats

“…For instance, it has been shown that metal nanoparticles (iron oxide) produced using the green synthesis routes have a much smaller average size (2 -80 nm) compared to that of particles produced using the synthetic chemical methods (87 -400 nm) Gokila et al (2021) 16 . We have previously synthesized silver nanoparticles using a green synthesis method, in which Tualang honey (TH) was used as the natural raw material 17 . TH is a well-known local honey that contains the highest level of antioxidant content compared to other local Malaysian honey 18 .…”