Green synchronous spectrofluorimetric method for the simultaneous determination of agomelatine and venlafaxine in human plasma at part per billion levels

Abstract

A novel sustainable, simple, sensitive, and green spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the concurrent estimation of venlafaxine and agomelatine in pharmaceuticals and biological fluids. The method relies on synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, where venlafaxine and agomelatine were measured at 276 and 328 nm, respectively, using Δλ of 20 nm. The potential factors affecting the fluorescence intensity were optimized by the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) strategy, where synchronous fluorescence intensity was significantly enhanced using a 1% w/v sodium dodecyl sulfate micellar system. The method was fully validated and exhibited excellent linearity (r2 > 0.999 for both drugs) with very low limits of detection (LODs) in the range of 0.14–0.84 ng/mL. Consequently, the proposed approach was efficiently adopted to analyze the co-administered drugs in their pharmaceuticals and in spiked human plasma with excellent % recovery between 97.4 and 102.2%. Finally, the method's greenness was evaluated using different metric tools, including Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), which proved its excellent greenness.

Spider diagram with greenness evaluation metrics for assessing the new synchronous spectrofluorimetric determination of bicalutamide and resveratrol in human plasma

“…A fluorescence quenching of BIC could be shown after mixing the two drugs, suggesting that the fluorescence quenching of BIC by RES may be produced through the inner filter effect (IFE) and/or Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) [23]. Additionally, SFS offers several benefits such as increased selectivity, less spectral overlap, ease of use, and a crisp, narrow spectrum, which are especially helpful for analyzing biological and pharmaceutical matrices [20,24,25]. This led to an improvement in the SFS approach's sensitivity and spectrum overlap (Figures 3 and 4).…”

Fast concurrent determination of guaifenesin and pholcodine in formulations and spiked plasma using first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric approach

“…Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) is widely utilized in various fields, including environmental analysis, pharmaceuticals, food science, and biochemistry, as it allows researchers to study the structural changes and interactions of molecules in complex matrices. By exploiting the advantages of SFS, scientists can gain deeper insights into the chemical and biochemical properties of substances, leading to more accurate and comprehensive results [21][22][23][24].…”

A novel microextraction technique aided by air agitation using a natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent for the extraction of fluvastatin and empagliflozin from plasma samples: application to pharmacokinetic and drug–drug interaction study

“…It is a fast and straightforward technique, requiring minimal sample preparation, making it cost-effective, time-efficient and not requiring skilled personnel if compared to HPLC. 50,51 Furthermore, the use of NDES as an extraction medium can enhance the solubility of drugs, improving their extraction efficiency. To evaluate the inuence of EMP on FLV levels, a pharmacokinetic study was conducted using rabbits.…”