Green Smart Campus Monitoring and Detection Using LoRa

Abstract

Along with the rapid development of sensing systems and wireless transmission technology, the scope of application of the IoT has substantially increased, and research and innovation that integrate artificial intelligence. This study integrated civil engineering and electrical engineering to establish a universal and modularized long-term sensing system. Aiming at positive construction in civil engineering, the campus of National Taipei University of Technology was used as the experimental site as a green campus. This paper focused on the cooling effect of the green roof and the temperature difference of the solar panel to effectively isolate the direct sunlight on the roof of the building. To achieve long-term monitoring, energy consumption must be minimized. Considering that the distance between sensor nodes in the experimental site was over dozens of feet, LoRa transmission technology was selected for data transmission. LoRa only consumes a small amount of energy during data transmission, and it can freely switch between work modes, achieving optimal power utilization efficiency. The greening-related research results indicated that the shade from solar panels on the rooftop could effectively reduce the temperature increase caused by direct sunlight on concrete surfaces. The temperature reduction effect was positively correlated with whether the solar panels provided shade. After 1 week of monitoring, we observed that having plants on the rooftop for greening negatively correlated with temperature reduction efficiency. Permeable pavement on the ground was positively correlated with temperature reduction efficiency. However, its temperature reduction efficiency was inferior to that of solar panel shading. The temperature difference between high-rise buildings and the ground was approximately 1–2 °C. At the same elevation, the temperature difference between buildings with and without greening was approximately 0.8 °C. Regarding the sensing system designed for this site, both hardware and software could be flexibly set according to the research purposes, precision requirements of the sites, and the measurement scope, thereby enabling their application in more fields.

Internet of Things and Its Applications to Smart Campus: A Systematic Literature Review

“…The deployment of an irrigation system that uses IoT nodes to collect environmental data such as soil and air temperatures and activate the system remotely through intelligent automated actions [55] [56]. An installation of a green rooftop using LoRa to monitor and sense temperature changes as well as to minimize energy consumption [57]. The above studies focused on university buildings where cost optimization and cost savings were the main goals for integrating IoT, BEMS systems, and other advanced technologies.…”

Community- and Data-Driven Services for Multi-Policy Pedestrian Routing

“…The idea of a smart university campus is approached by Fortes et al, who presented a framework for integration and representation of novel architecture, furniture design, flora, environment sensors, and communications under the name of "Smart Tree" [20]. A smart campus must be constantly monitored to assure that the functionalities are working as intended and maintenance is performed consistently, and this can be managed with various technologies [21], such as IoT and artificial intelligence. In the study presented in [21], concepts from civil and electrical engineering were enabled to develop a universal and modularized long-term sensing system.…”

“…A smart campus must be constantly monitored to assure that the functionalities are working as intended and maintenance is performed consistently, and this can be managed with various technologies [21], such as IoT and artificial intelligence. In the study presented in [21], concepts from civil and electrical engineering were enabled to develop a universal and modularized long-term sensing system. The university used for this study was the National Taipei University of Technology.…”

Wireless Temperature, Relative Humidity and Occupancy Monitoring System for Investigating Overheating in Buildings

“…However, the limitations and capabilities are worth keeping an eye on if anyone uses low-cost sensors, since many cheap sensors can produce significant errors [11]. The most studied indoor air parameters in wireless low-cost IoT devices are temperature and relative humidity [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Monitoring the carbon dioxide concentration of the indoor air with low-cost sensors is also used to evaluate indoor air quality, occupancy, or building performance [19][20][21][22].…”