Green Propellants Based on Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN)

Larsson, Anders; Wingborg, Niklas

doi:10.5772/13640

Cited by 50 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The importance of improving the crystal morphology can be highlighted by its ability to increase the specific impulse by 30% to 50% [12]. Successful modification of RDX crystal morphology by ultrasound was previously reported [9,13], but not for ADN.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prilling and Coating of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) Solid Green Propellant in Toluene Mixture Using Ultrasound Sonication

2018

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Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) in its generic form has a long needle shaped structure, which hinders higher solid loading. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to optimize its crystal morphology into octagonal shapes. Moreover, the low critical humidity level of ADN renders it unusable in a humid climate. Hence, encapsulation with a hydrophobic polymer is necessary. In the present work, ADN was synthesized by nitration of potassium sulfamate with mixed acid nitration. The product was then mixed with toluene, graphene, citryl ammonium butyl, Cab-o-sil, and coating polymer (Polystyrene or HTPB) and treated with ultrasound to obtain semi-spherical ADN-coated particles. The method offers a reduction in operating temperature and elimination of ADN melting in the shape-altering process. In addition, the ADN product has a similar particle size and thermal stability compared to those in a conventional ADN melt-prilling method. The ADN product investigated under SEM confirms the particle morphological change from long needles into semi-spherical shapes. The particle size obtained, in the micrometer range, is ideal for higher theoretical maximum density. Furthermore, the ultrasound-treated ADN particles show significant reduction in moisture absorption, from 68% to 16% at 65% relative humidity. The DSC result shows no degradation of thermal stability of the coated particles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prilling and Coating of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) Solid Green Propellant in Toluene Mixture Using Ultrasound Sonication

2018

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“…It is expected that the aforementioned propellant blends show a similar behavior. Because they are defined by an even lower surface tension and heat capacity [2].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus needs constant heating of the catalyst bed [1]. Another promising propellant is FLP-106, developed by FOI in Sweden [2]. It consists of 64.6 % ammonium dinitramide (ADN), 23.9 % water and 11.5 % of a low volatile hydrocarbon fuel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flashing Behavior of Ionic Liquid Propellants under Vacuum Conditions

Hendrich¹,

Schlechtriem²

2015

51st AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference

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Newly developed ionic liquid propellant blends are currently considered as alternative for hydrazine replacement in orbital thrusters. The behavior of these multi component blends during the injection process is not sufficiently investigated yet. Especially the behavior under vacuum conditions in regards to spray formation and possible decomposition effects is unknown. For this very reason experiments with saline solutions under near vacuum conditions were conducted at DLR -Institute of Space Propulsion in Lampoldshausen to help to understand the process. Different injector configurations were used as well to identify and describe possible parameters of influence. Nomenclature ADN = ammonium dinitramide c = concentration D = diameter FLP = FOI liquid propellant FOI = Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (Swedish Defence Research Agency) L = length LMP = liquid monopropellant P 0 = back pressure P inj = injection pressure T inj = injection temperature PMMA = polymethylmethacrylate

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“…The performance of these dissolved salts depends on their solubility in water. In case of ADN, 357g can be dissolved in 100g of water [9], forming a mixture with 78 wt% ADN. Water lowers the oxygen balance of the oxidizer and reduces the energy that can be released per gram of propellant.…”

Section: Dissolved Energetic Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Propulsion Research at TNO the Netherlands

Mayer

Wieling

2018

Transactions on Aerospace Research

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This paper describes the recent theoretical and experimental research by the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) into green replacements for hydrazine, hydrazine derivatives and nitrogen tetroxide, as propellants for in-space propulsion. The goal of the study was to identify propellants that are capable of outperforming the current propellants for space propulsion and are significantly less hazardous for humans and the environment. Two types of propellants were investigated, being monopropellants and bipropellants. The first section of the paper discusses the propellant selection. Nitromethane was found to be the most promising monopropellant. As bipropellant, a combination of hydrogen peroxide (HP) and ethanol was selected, where the ethanol is rendered hypergolic with hydrogen peroxide. The second part of the paper describes the experimental verification of these propellants by means of engine testing. Initiation of the decomposition of nitromethane was found to be problematic, hypergolic ignition of the hydrogen peroxide and ethanol bipropellant however was successfully demonstrated.

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Green Propellants Based on Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN)

Cited by 50 publications

References 25 publications

Prilling and Coating of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) Solid Green Propellant in Toluene Mixture Using Ultrasound Sonication

Prilling and Coating of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) Solid Green Propellant in Toluene Mixture Using Ultrasound Sonication

Flashing Behavior of Ionic Liquid Propellants under Vacuum Conditions

Green Propulsion Research at TNO the Netherlands

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