Green nectaries: the role of photosynthesis in secretion

Abstract

Green nectaries have been frequently mentioned in the literature, leading to the assumption that photosynthesis of nectaries can supply the carbohydrates secreted in the nectar, especially when storage of starch is seen in the plastids in nectaries and this starch disappears during secretion. Photosynthesis in nectaries can also provide reduction equivalents for the nectar-redox cycle and energy for secretion. However, quantitative data on the photosynthetic capacity of nectaries are largely missing. Therefore, in the present study, the photosynthetic capacity of green nectaries from a range of plants was screened; 20 floral nectaries (including six septal nectaries) and six extrafloral nectaries were studied. For the screening, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured as depending on photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Parameters measured were basic ground fluorescence (F) and quantum yield (Y0) of the dark adapted sample at 0 PPFD. From the light saturation curves saturating PPFD (PPFDsat), quantum yield at saturation (Ysat) and maximum apparent photosynthetic electron transport rates (ETRmax) were obtained. For comparison, leaves of the plants were also measured. In most cases, the performance of the nectaries was lower than that of the leaves. F was lower in 14 floral and four extrafloral nectaries (69% of total), ETRmax was lower in 18 floral and four extrafloral nectaries (85%), Ysat was lower in 15 floral and three extrafloral nectaries (69%). In 18 floral and two extrafloral nectaries (77%) Y0 was well below 0.8, indicating photoinhibition. In contrast, the range of ETRmax for green nectaries was 25-140 μmol m −2 s −1 and overlaps well with that of green tissues in general. The lower end of the range of rates of photosynthetic carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake of sun leaves in the literature is 10 μmol CO2 m −2 s −1 . Taking this value for sun-adapted green nectaries, i.e. having a PPFDsat > 1000 μmol m −2 s −1 , with an area of nectar tissue measured as 3-50 mm 2 per flower, sugar secretion related to photosynthetic CO2 fixation in the green nectaries is estimated at approximately 0.2-3.0 μmol hexose units flower −1 day −1 . This is compares well in order of magnitude with the range of secretion given in the literature and clearly suggests that photosynthetic activity of green nectaries can explain a significant part, if not all, of the sugar secreted. In some nectaries ETR did not saturate with PPFD. This could be attributable to spillover from photosystem II to photosystem I and cyclic photosynthetic electron transport. It is in agreement with observations in the literature and my preliminary findings that nectary plastids often lack grana thylakoids where photosytem II is located. Cyclic photophosphorylation could provide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy for the nectaries. This needs further investigation.

Time-course proteome analysis of developing extrafloral nectaries of Ricinus communis

“…Cell wall invertases were found to be involved in sucrose unloading from the phloem and secretion of the nectar in both FN [9] and EFN [3,4]. Similarly, we identified a number of proteins involved in photosynthesis and Calvin cycle, which support the notion that in green nectaries a significant amount of sugar can be provided through photosynthesis [10].…”

Flowering biology and structure of floral nectaries in Galanthus nivalis L.

“…The distance between the stigma and the apical part of the anthers was 1.5-2 mm. We found different numbers of ovules (33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49) in the ovaries.…”

Quantity over quality: light intensity, but not red/far‐red ratio, affects extrafloral nectar production in Senna mexicana var. chapmanii

“…It might seem intuitive that a reduction in the availability of photosynthetically active light would reduce the level of resources available for defense. Indeed, some so‐called green nectaries may be isolated from phloem tissue and produce nectar only at a rate that can be supported by their own photosynthesis (Lüttge ). The resource availability hypothesis (RAH), however, suggests that low‐nutrient environments may promote greater investment in defensive traits, compared to nutrient‐rich environments where plants must grow quickly in order to compete (Coley et al.…”