Green Composites Based on PLA and Agricultural or Marine Waste Prepared by FDM

Scaffaro, R.; Scaffaro, Roberto; Gulino, Emmanuel Fortunato; Alaimo, Giuseppe; Morreale, Margherita

doi:10.3390/polym13091361

Cited by 54 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Further description of FFF technology may be found e.g., in [ 13 , 14 ] and references therein. Polylactic acid (PLA) [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ], acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ], polyethylene terephthalate (PET) [ 25 ], polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G) [ 26 , 27 , 28 ], polypropylene (PP) [ 29 , 30 ], and viscoelastic thermoplastic elastomers like thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) [ 31 , 32 ] belong to the most common thermoplastics applied in FFF technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CaCO3 Polymorphs Used as Additives in Filament Production for 3D Printing

et al. 2022

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Nowadays, additive manufacturing—also called 3D printing—represents a well-established technology in the field of the processing of various types of materials manufacturing products used in many industrial sectors. The most common type of 3D printing uses the fused filament fabrication (FFF) method, in which materials based on thermoplastics or elastomers are processed into filaments. Much effort was dedicated to improving the properties and processing of such printed filaments, and various types of inorganic and organic additives have been found to play a beneficial role. One of them, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is standardly used as filler for the processing of polymeric materials. However, it is well-known from its different applications that CaCO3 crystals may represent particles of different morphologies and shapes that may have a crucial impact on the final properties of the resulting products. For this reason, three different synthetic polymorphs of CaCO3 (aragonite, calcite, and vaterite) and commercially available calcite powders were applied as fillers for the fabrication of polymeric filaments. Analysis of obtained data from different testing techniques has shown significant influence of filament properties depending on the type of applied CaCO3 polymorph. Aragonite particles showed a beneficial impact on the mechanical properties of produced filaments. The obtained results may help to fabricate products with enhanced properties using 3D printing FFF technology.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CaCO3 Polymorphs Used as Additives in Filament Production for 3D Printing

et al. 2022

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“…Green composites usually consist of biodegradable and/or bio-based polymer matrix and natural organic fibers/particles as reinforcement or filler [ 11 , 12 ]. They are characterized by lower production cost, biodegradability, aesthetic and more “natural” appearance, as well as often inferior mechanical properties compared to synthetic composites [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The disadvantages of PLA include high brittleness, high flammability, poor thermal stability, and poor barrier properties [ 19 ]. Therefore, materials are often added to the PLA matrix in order to improve the polymer properties [ 20 ], including various lignocellulosic fibers such as bamboo [ 21 ], Opuntia ficus-indica and Posidonia oceanica [ 12 , 22 ], wood [ 23 ] and hemp [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The target fiber size of corn stalks used in polymer composites is usually obtained on shredders and knife mills [ 45 , 46 , 48 ]. The shape and size of the fiber used in the composite affect its final properties [ 12 , 22 , 49 ]. There are no studies analyzing the effect of corn stalk fiber size in polylactide matrix composites before and after processing on mechanical and thermomechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of the Size of the Fiber Filler of Corn Stalks in the Polylactide Matrix Composite on the Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties

et al. 2021

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This paper presents results of a study on the effect of filler size in the form of 15 wt% corn stalk (CS) fibers on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of polylactide (PLA) matrix composites. In the test, polylactidic acid (PLA) is filled with four types of length of corn stalk fibers with a diameter of 1 mm, 1.6 mm, 2 mm and 4 mm. The composites were composed by single screw extrusion and then samples were prepared by injection molding. The mechanical properties of the composites were determined by static tensile test, static bending test and Charpy impact test while the thermo-mechanical properties were determined by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The composite structures were also observed using X-ray microcomputed tomography and scanning electron microscopy. In the PLA/CS composites, as the filler fiber diameter increased, the degradation of mechanical properties relative to the matrix was observed including tensile strength (decrease 22.9–51.1%), bending strength (decrease 18.9–36.6%) and impact energy absorption (decrease 58.8–69.8%). On the basis of 3D images of the composite structures for the filler particles larger than 2 mm a weak dispersion with the filler was observed, which is reflected in a significant deterioration of the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of the composite. The best mechanical and thermomechanical properties were found in the composite with filler fiber of 1 mm diameter. Processing resulted in a more than 6-fold decrease in filler fiber length from 719 ± 190 µm, 893 ± 291 µm, 1073 ± 219 µm, and 1698 ± 636 µm for CS1, CS1.6, CS2, and CS4 fractions, respectively, to 104 ± 43 µm, 123 ± 60 µm, 173 ± 60 µm, and 227 ± 89 µm. The fabricated green composites with 1 to 2 mm corn stalk fiber filler are an alternative to traditional plastic based materials in some applications.

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“…One of the possibilities in this direction is the use of so called eco-composites or green composites containing natural fibers [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. These fibers are naturally abundant, easily accessible, and there are many types, meaning they are valuable alternative resources, with the additional advantage that they require little energy for their eventual processing [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composites of a Polypropylene Random Copolymer and Date Stone Flour: Crystalline Details and Mechanical Response

et al. 2021

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Several composites were prepared based on a polypropylene random copolymer (PPR) and different amounts of date stone flour (DSF). This cellulosic fiber was silanized beforehand in order to reduce its hydrophilicity and improve the interfacial adhesion with the polymer. Other composites were also obtained, including a sorbitol derivative as an effective nucleant. Films made from these composites were prepared using two different thermal treatments, involving slow crystallization and rapid cooling from the melt. Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the morphological features and the DSF particle dispersion within the PPR matrix. X-ray diffraction experiments and differential scanning calorimetry tests were employed to assess the crystalline characteristics and for the phase transitions, paying especial attention to the effects of the DSF and nucleating agent on PPR crystallization. An important nucleation ability was found for DSF, and evidently for the sorbitol derivative. The peak crystallization temperature upon cooling was considerably increased by the incorporation of either the nucleant or DSF. Additionally, a much higher proportion of orthorhombic crystals developed in relation to the monoclinic ones. Moreover, the mechanical responses were estimated from the microhardness experiments and significant improvements were found with increasing DSF contents. All of these findings indicate that the use of silanized DSF is a fairly good approach for the preparation of polymeric eco-composites, taking advantage of the widespread availability of this lignocellulosic material, which is otherwise wasted.

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Green Composites Based on PLA and Agricultural or Marine Waste Prepared by FDM

Cited by 54 publications

References 33 publications

CaCO3 Polymorphs Used as Additives in Filament Production for 3D Printing

CaCO3 Polymorphs Used as Additives in Filament Production for 3D Printing

Influence of the Size of the Fiber Filler of Corn Stalks in the Polylactide Matrix Composite on the Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties

Composites of a Polypropylene Random Copolymer and Date Stone Flour: Crystalline Details and Mechanical Response

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