Green Communication for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: Triangle Metric Based Multi-Layered Routing Protocol

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a non-localization routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), namely, the triangle metric based multi-layered routing protocol (TM2RP). The main idea of the proposed TM2RP is to utilize supernodes along with depth information and residual energy to balance the energy consumption between sensors. Moreover, TM2RP is the first multi-layered and multi-metric pressure routing protocol that considers link quality with residual energy to improve the selection of next forwarding nodes with more reliable and energy-efficient links. The aqua-sim package based on the ns-2 simulator was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed TM2RP. The obtained results were compared to other similar methods such as depth based routing (DBR) and multi-layered routing protocol (MRP). Simulation results showed that the proposed protocol (TM2RP) obtained better outcomes in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay.

An Efficient Void Aware Framework for Enabling Internet of Underwater Things

“…However, utilizing the same CV algorithms to UWSNs is not feasible due to the harsh characteristic of these networks. Furthermore, utilizing location-based algorithms for handling CV problems such as Vector-Based Void Avoidance (VBVA) [28], Directional Flooding Routing (DFR) [29], Focused Beam Routing (FBR) [30] are not suitable for UWSNs due to their reliance on acquiring the nodes' locations utilizing a GPS receiver, which is not feasible in UWSNs [14].…”

“…On the other hand, Multi-layer Routing (MRP) [31] protocol proposed a costly architecture that utilizes a super-node to address the CV problem. However, MRP focused on proposing a network architecture but not an efficient routing protocol thus making it not feasible to hand the CV problem [14]. Another algorithm to handle the CV is the Adaptive Power Controlled Routing protocol (APCR) [32].…”

“…On the other hand, the hello packet interval is equal to 100 s the energy model has been employed using the same that employed in our published protocols. The energy consumption in terms of transmitting, receiving, and idle listening is set to (2 w, 0.75 w, and 8 mw) [11,14,17]. A Broadcast MAC has been employed as a Media Access Control (MAC) [40].…”

“…Additionally, due to the obvious hard environment, sensors in the IoUTs have low energy and require frequent battery replacement. As a result, the entire network lifetime must be increased [13][14][15].…”

M-SMDM: A model of security measures using Green Internet of Things with Cloud Integrated Data Management for Smart Cities

“…Many applications are based on G-IoT technology for observing the data of smart cities and facilitating the real world (Ram et al,2019;Haseeb et al,2020;Khasawneh et al,2020;. It comprises many electronic devices, sensors, and actuators to communicate over the Internet and offer various services to academic and industrial applications.…”