Green Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Malva parviflora Extract for Improving a New Nutrition Formula of a Hydroponic System

Abstract

There are increasing needs for developing nontoxic, low-cost, high-yield, and eco-friendly procedures for manufacturing nanoparticles. Nanobiotechnology can be used in food security for improving crop production; nanoparticles could enhance the growth and yield of different crop plants; therefore, this work aimed to improve a new nutrition formula of a hydroponic system using green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and Malva parviflora aqueous extract. Results shown that AFM image of AgNP surface morphology provides good indicator for biosynthesizing AgNPs. UV-vis spectroscopy showed the presence of silver elements that proved the reduction of silver ion to an element in the presence of plant extract functional groups which act as a reduction reaction capping agent. AgNPs formation from 1 mM of AgNo3 and Malva parviflora filtrate can easily be characterized through visual observations by the change in the color of the reaction mixture from green to yellowish-brown. SEM showed that most of the Ag nanoparticles were spherical in shape, well dispersed, and were either arranged in clusters of particles with each other, or as small particles, and have been identified in a size range of 12–63 nm. The EDX characterization exhibited that the highest proportion of the element composition was for silver weighting (34.11%) in nanoparticle. Other elements such as aluminum (12.28%), carbon (8.62%), hafnium (18.12%), nitrogen (9.34%), sodium (10.01%), and oxygen (7.52%) may arise from Malva parviflora extract. Also, peroxidase and catalase enzyme activity, cabbage crop seedlings, fresh and dry weights, and proline and carbohydrate concentrations were significantly increased with the increase of biosynthesized AgNP concentrations but up to limit.

New Insights on Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Plants Emphasizing the Use of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

“…Te preparation of the extract can take a lot of time, up to several hours or days [50,75]. Centrifugation is often used to prepare the extract, and proper storage of the extract, in the dark and at a certain temperature, must be ensured [50,55,62,63].…”

“…Tese factors act on the synthesis of biomolecules in plants and various plant biomolecules that are precursor solvents. Te more diferent biomolecules there are in the plant, the faster and better the biosynthesis will be [35,39,45,46,49,52,53,55,59]. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of information about which biomolecules are the most important and which of the genes or their molecular mechanisms account for the efciency of biosynthesis of NPs or the properties of the synthesized NPs.…”

“…Other plants used for biosynthesis also contain highly active phytochemicals and enzymes that participate in oxidation or reduction reactions [88] such as multiple vitamins [55,59], triterpenoids [45], polyphenols, carbohydrates [44], favonoids [35,54,56], such as catechins and catechin gallates [49], phytosterols, ellagic acid [47], essential oils [45], phenols, such as gallic acid, gallic acid, and quercetin [54], carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids [44,46], glycosides, iridoid glycosides, phenylethanoids, oligosaccharides, quinine, saponins [56], steroids, sesquiterpenoids, tannins [86], ketones, aldehydes, and amides [72,74]. Tese molecules give the plants anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-infammatory, anthelmintic, antiulcer, antiuretic [82], and cytotoxic activity [35], antibacterial properties [56,58], and the ability to break down various antigens or invasive substances such as NPs [71].…”

Evaluating Impacts of Biosynthetic Silver Nanoparticles on Morphophysiological Responses in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

“…The maximum activities of antioxidant enzymes were recorded when the plants were treated with the highest dose of AgNPs (250 mg/L), while the minimum level was recorded in the control. After the application of AgNPs, many studies reported increases in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in hydroponically grown plants including Vigna angularis [87], Medicago sativa [88], and Cabbage [89]. Increased activity of antioxidant enzymes under high concentrations of AgNPs points to the enhanced generation of ROS and instantaneous activation of plant defense mechanisms to counteract oxidative damage stress [58].…”

Carum carvi mediated green synthesis of copper nanoparticles and its effect on Solanum lycopersicum seedlings

“…S. lycopersicum plant seeds were randomly chosen and taking into account, that they have the same size, then running water was used for seed washing, soaked in 90% Ethanol alcohol for 5 sec, then 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) was used for further surface sterilization for 20 min with a continuous stirring through magnetic stirrer instrument, then seeds were washed five times with sterilized DDWH 2 O for 5-10 min each time with continuous (Oraibi et al, 2022).…”