Green Bio-Based Solvents in C-C Cross-Coupling Reactions

Abstract

Solvent accounts for majority of the waste derived from synthetic transformations. This implies that by making changes to the solvent used by either switching to greener options, reducing the volume of solvent used, or even better avoiding the use of solvent totally will have a positive impact on the environment. Herein, the focus will be on the use of bio-based-green-solvents in C-C crosscoupling reactions highlighting the recent developments in this field of research. Emphasis in this review will be placed on developments obtained for Mizoroki-Heck, Hiyama, Stille, and Suzuki- Miyaura cross-couplings. For these cross-coupling reactions, good reaction conditions utilizing green solvents are now available.

Diels–Alder Cycloaddition Reactions in Sustainable Media

“…This endeavor gave rise to the introduction of new solvent media for chemical transformations featuring reduced environmental risk, reduced toxicity, reduced flammability, cost-effectiveness and reusability properties as the major advantages. Leading VOC alternatives for organic transformations are bio-based derived solvents (e.g., glycerol, lactic acid, gluconic acid) [16][17][18][19], liquid polymers (e.g., PEG) [20], ionic liquids [21,22], deep eutectic solvents [23][24][25][26], supercritical fluids [27][28][29][30][31], water and water-based aqueous systems [32][33][34][35][36][37]. The Diels-Alder reaction was no exception to this trend, leading to the advent of several studies, some of which were elegantly highlighted earlier by Wach and Brummond [38].…”

Deep eutectic solvents: cutting-edge applications in cross-coupling reactions

“…59 Generally, the solvent is necessary for cross-coupling reactions to create a homogeneous mixture and stabilize the catalyst. 60 On the other hand, these reactions contain different substrates which make it a challenging proposition for designing and selecting the solvent. The designed medium must dissolve diverse types of solutes such as lipophilic reactants, organometallics, inorganic metal complexes or nanoparticles, bases and salts.…”