Green Approach for the Effective Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Salvadora persica L. Root (Miswak) Extract

Abstract

Recently, green reduction of graphene oxide (GRO) using various natural materials, including plant extracts, has drawn significant attention among the scientific community. These methods are sustainable, low cost, and are more environmentally friendly than other standard methods of reduction. Herein, we report a facile and eco-friendly method for the bioreduction of GRO using Salvadora persica L. (S. persica L.) roots (miswak) extract as a bioreductant. The as-prepared highly reduced graphene oxide (SP-HRG) was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Various results have confirmed that the biomolecules present in the root extract of miswak not only act as a bioreductant but also functionalize the surface of SP-HRG by acting as a capping ligand to stabilize it in water and other solvents. The dispersion quality of SP-HRG in deionized water was investigated in detail by preparing different samples of SP-HRG with increasing concentration of root extract. Furthermore, the dispersibility of SP-HRG was also compared with chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRG). The developed eco-friendly method for the reduction of GRO could provide a better substitute for a large-scale production of dispersant-free graphene and graphene-based materials for various applications in both technological and biological fields such as electronics, nanomedicine, and bionic materials.

Optimization of biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles from flavonoid-rich Clinacanthus nutans leaf and stem aqueous extracts

“…The reaction mixture was incubated for 24 h. The absorbances of AgNP-L and AgNP-S increased with temperature, with the highest absorbance obtained at 60°C ( figure 7). Previous study on the synthesis of AgNPs using Pulicaria glutinosa extract showed that AgNPs production increased proportionally with temperature [29]. The maximum absorption peaks for both synthesized AgNP-L and AgNP-S were between 421-443 and 423-443 nm, respectively.…”

“…The peak for 60°C is narrower compared to the peaks at 25°C and 40°C. According to Khan et al [29], the absorbance peak is broad at a high wavelength when the particle size of nanoparticles increases. A narrow peak at short wavelength indicates small particle size.…”

Influence of Magnetic Field on Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Laser Ablation

“…In comparison with the chemical methods, laser ablation generates metal nanoparticles while the surface is not contaminated with residual ions originating from the recants. It is well known that the optical absorption spectra of metal nanoparticles are dominated by surface-plasmon resonance (SPR), with the shift to longer wavelengths with increasing particle size [5]. Noble metals such as silver nanoparticles (NPs) have received immense attention due to their excellent electrical, optical, physical, chemical and magnetic properties [6][7][8].…”

Fabrication of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles by Algae and their Toxic Effects

“…Available functional groups and enzymes in the algal cell walls act as reducing agents, as a consequence of which reduction and fabrication of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles occur at ambient conditions [ 14 , 15 ]. In recent days, several diverse and potential applications of nanoparticles in crop protection and production, cosmetics, drug delivery, photonic crystals, analysis, food, coatings, paints, bioremediation, catalysis and material science have been applied [ 4 , 7 , 16 , 17 ] (Fig. 1 ).…”