Remotely sensed imagery identifying as the best type of data has information throughout the world. The imagery has a importance information, since it can show up-date-to day information, and provide a truly information. Different kinds of classifiers have been used to perform that. However, there is no once test for Land cover and Land use in Hilla city. The study aims to create land use classification by making a comparison between different algorithms in Hilla city, Babylon, Iraq. The WorldView-2 imagery is used to perform the per-processing, analysing of our comparison. Under the steps of pre-processing, the several corrections were made and performed on the imagery. For processing stages, two approaches were used; (1) Support Vector Machine and (2) Maximum Likelihood. The result reveals, that the Support Vector Machine method has the most significant of overall accuracy equal to 94.48% with kappa coefficient equal to 0.90, and these values much better and higher than those of Maximum Likelihood algorithm in estimating and extracting of Land cover/Land use. Therefore, this algorithm has been suggested to be applied as an optimal classifier for extraction of land use maps due to its higher accuracy and better consistency within the study area.
Laser ablation of a silver target immersed in distilled water using Nd:YAG laser with a fundamental wavelength of 1064nm was carried out to fabricate silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with different laser energy in the presence and absence of magnetic field. UV-Visible spectrum showed that the nanoparticles are almost spherical in shape. The number of Ag NPs increased by increasing laser energy while their particle size was reduced by increasing laser energy without magnetic field. In the presence of magnetic field, the size of Ag NPs increased slightly by increasing laser energy. According to AFM results, the presence of magnetic field did not affect the average diameter of Ag NPs. The presence of a magnetic field causes a change in grain size of Ag NPs with increasing laser energy. While XRD data illustrated that the magnetic field causes an increase in the crystallite size of Ag NPs.
In this study, the effect of environment gas and working pressure of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) from ZnO: Al composite target (AZO) enhanced by an external magnetic field on the magnetized characteristics and emission spectra of plasma were investigated. The plasma was induced by a Q-switched nanosecond Nd: YAG laser at a constant pulse laser energy of 300 mJ at different pressures of 0.08, 0.2, 0.4, and 760 Torr in air and argon gas. The atomic and ionic emission lines increased in intensity directly with the working pressure. The plasma temperature (Te) and electron number density (ne) were determined at the different environmental conditions according to Boltzmann-Plot, and Stark broadening effect, respectively. The ne increased with increasing pressure as a result of increasing electron-atom collisions. While Te reduced with working pressure. The plasma parameters in different conditions satisfied the plasma criteria. The line profile appeared with high broadening at atmospheric pressure compared with vacuumed plasma. The Larmur radius reduced while the confinement factor β increased with working pressure. From another hand, using Ar instead of air caused to slightly reduced in ne at low pressure of 0.08 Torr, and slightly increased at 0.4 Torr pressure. While the Te has the opposite behavior. Due to the evidence variation of plasma number density with pressure, the plasma frequency values increased with increasing the pressure, with higher values in Ar than air at 0.4 Torr, while slightly lower in Ar than air at 0.08 Torr. λD and Nd have opposite behavior with working pressure.
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