Green and Efficient Extraction of Polysaccharide and Ginsenoside from American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) by Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction and Aqueous Two-Phase System

Abstract

In this study, a green and effective extraction method was proposed to extract two main compounds, ginsenosides and polysaccharides, from American ginseng by combining deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with aqueous two-phase systems. The factors of type of DESs, water content in DESs, the solid–liquid ratio, extraction temperature, and extraction time were studied in the solid–liquid extraction. Then, the aqueous two-phase system (DESs-ethylene oxide–propylene oxide (EOPO)) and salty solution exchange (EOPO-salty solution) was applied for the purification of polysaccharides. The content of the polysaccharides and ginsenosides were analyzed by the anthrone–sulfuric acid method and HPLC method, which showed that the extraction efficiency of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was better than conventional methods. Moreover, the antioxidant activities of ginseng polysaccharides and their cytotoxicity were further assayed. The advantages of the current study are that, throughout the whole extraction process, we avoided the usage of an organic reagent. Furthermore, the separated green solvent DESs and EOPO could be recovered and reused for a next cycle. Thus, this study proposed a new, green and recyclable extraction method for extracting ginsenosides and polysaccharides from American ginseng.

Current insights into date by-product valorization for sustainable food industries and technology

“…197 They are the most prevalent natural macromolecular polymers and can be differentiated based on specic monosaccharide units, chain length, and branching. These compounds play a crucial role as natural bioactive components in food matrices owing to their well-established antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, probiotic, prebiotic, relatively low cytotoxic, and healthpromoting properties, 198,199 supporting their applications in food matrices. Naturally occurring polysaccharides exhibit diversity in their structural, functional, conformational, and biological characteristics.…”

The Most Potent Natural Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics, and Food Ingredients Isolated from Plants with Deep Eutectic Solvents

“…The extraction of these groups of compounds from the plant material can be effectively carried out with DESs based on choline chloride as the HBA, summarized in Table . ,− …”

American Ginseng for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review

“…AG has a long history of use and is widely distributed in China, and its components and contents may differ slightly due to varying growth environments [15][16][17]. To date, various compounds including ginsenosides, polysaccharides, flavonoids, fatty acids, polyalkynes, volatile oils, amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and trace elements have been isolated from AG, and ginsenosides and polysaccharides are widely acknowledged as the primary active constituents [18,19]. Studies have demonstrated that ginsenosides possess hypoglycemic [20], anti-tumor [21], cardioprotective [22] and neuroprotective properties [23]; they can also inhibit aging processes as well as improve sleep quality and learning and memory impairments [24].…”