Gravure printing for three subsequent solar cell layers of inverted structures on flexible substrates

Voigt, Monika; MacKenzie, Roderick C. I.; Yau, Chin Pang; Atienzar, Pedro; Dane, Justin; Keivanidis, Panagiotis E.; Bradley, Donal D. C.; Nelson, Jenny

doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2010.10.013

Cited by 115 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…13 Besides the previously mentioned example of use of paper as substrate by Hü bler et al, the use of gravure printing for the preparation of solar cells has only been reported in very few cases. [34][35][36][37] Kopola et al reported the use of a desktop gravure printability tester (on PET, not R2R process) to process the hole transport layer (PEDOT:PSS) as well as the active layer (P3HT:PCBM) of single cells 36 and of small modules. 35 In both reported cases, the back electrode consisted of evaporated calcium and silver resulting in efficiencies of 2.8% for single cells (19 mm 2 ) and 1.9% for small modules (five cells in series, 9.6 cm 2 ) after optimization of the PEDOT:PSS ink with surfactants, wetting agents, and solvent mixtures.…”

Section: Krebs Et Al Introduced a New Fabrication Methods For All R2rmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Roll‐to‐Roll fabrication of large area functional organic materials

Søndergaard

Hösel

Krebs

2012

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

930

740

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With the prospect of extremely fast manufacture of very low cost devices, organic electronics prepared by thin film processing techniques that are compatible with roll-toroll (R2R) methods are presently receiving an increasing interest. Several technologies using organic thin films are at the point, where transfer from the laboratory to a more production-oriented environment is within reach. In this review, we aim at giving an overview of some of the R2R-compatible techniques that can be used in such a transfer, as well the current status of R2R application within some of the existing research fields such as organic photovoltaics, organic thin film transistors, light-emitting diodes, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, and electrochromic devices.

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Section: Krebs Et Al Introduced a New Fabrication Methods For All R2rmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…layer. 37 In this case, three of the layers (TiOx, P3HT:PCBM, and PEDOT:PSS) were processed by gravure, and the cells were finalized by evaporation of a back gold electrode (4.5 mm 2 , 0.6% PCE).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Roll‐to‐Roll fabrication of large area functional organic materials

Søndergaard

Hösel

Krebs

2012

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

930

740

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“…The absorption of the blend, however, includes a weak red-shifted component in addition to the spectrum of both blend constituents. [46][47][48] Figure 2 shows the experimental data (EQE and EL) for two devices made from poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), poly[2-methoxy-5-(3 ,7 -dimethyloctyloxy)-pphenylene vinylene] (MDMO-PPV) and [6,6]-phenyl-C 61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). In both cases we see the absorption of the polymer at high energies followed by the distinct absorption shoulder of the PCBM at around E = 1.75 eV.…”

Section: Optoelectronic Reciprocity Relations For the Case Of Enmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4][5][6][7] Just like classical thin film solar cells such as, e.g., amorphous silicon, 8,9 these materials are generally disordered, low mobility semiconductors. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] In these materials, disorder creates localized states or traps that have a strong effect on transport and likely also on nonradiative recombination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of energetic disorder on electroluminescence emission in polymer:fullerene solar cells

et al. 2012

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Electroluminescence (EL) spectroscopy and imaging can be useful techniques to analyze various loss mechanisms in solar cells, but the interpretation of the results is not trivial in solar cells made from disordered materials such as organic semiconductors. In this case the interpretation of EL measurements may be affected by the presence of a tail of localized states. Here, we study several polymer:fullerene systems and show that, despite the presence of tail states, the shape of the EL spectrum is insensitive to the applied voltage. This indicates that the emission originates mainly from mobile charges in higher lying states recombining at the polymer:fullerene interface and that most charges in deeper tail states do not contribute to the EL spectrum. The consequence of our finding is that simple models of EL emission in ideal semiconductors can be applied to polymer:fullerene solar cells and can therefore be used to evaluate the potential of different material systems in terms of recombination losses and to study resistive losses using luminescence imaging.

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“…The challenge is to find appropriate solvent systems for polymer-fullerene blends, which will provide appropriate spreading and wetting of the ink on the substrate and homogeneous drying with the required morphology of the active layer. Gravure printing, which is widely used for the printing of organic transistors (Kaihovirta et al, 2008;Voigt et al, 2010), has also been applied for the deposition of OPV layers (Ding et al, 2009;Kopola et al, 2011;Kopola et al, 2010;Voigt et al, 2011). The main difficulty in gravure printing is the required viscosity of the ink, which is for most of the OPV blend systems difficult to reach due to the limited solubility of the components.…”

Section: Roll-to-roll Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%