Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Could Serve as Reservoirs and Vectors of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus

Nunamaker, R. A.; Lockwood, Jeffrey A.; Stith, Charles E.; Campbell, Corey L.; Schell, Scott P.; Drolet, Barbara S.; Wilson, William C.; White, David M.; Letchworth, Geoffrey J.

doi:10.1603/0022-2585-40.6.957

Cited by 34 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Recently, at least under laboratory conditions, an indirect mode of oral transmission was proposed to be possible for Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) New Jersey serotype. According to the proposal, the chain of events is initiated first by grasshoppers cannibalizing infected grasshoppers and then by cattle accidentally ingesting infected grasshoppers in the pasture (235). Contact transmission of this virus between livestock also has been recognized (204).…”

Section: Direct Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Transmission of Arboviruses: Reexamination of and New Insights into Components, Mechanisms, and Unique Traits as Well as Their Evolutionary Trends

2005

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SUMMARY Among animal viruses, arboviruses are unique in that they depend on arthropod vectors for transmission. Field research and laboratory investigations related to the three components of this unique mode of transmission, virus, vector, and vertebrate host, have produced an enormous amount of valuable information that may be found in numerous publications. However, despite many reviews on specific viruses, diseases, or interests, a systematic approach to organizing the available information on all facets of biological transmission and then to interpret it in the context of the evolutionary process has not been attempted before. Such an attempt in this review clearly demonstrates tremendous progress made worldwide to characterize the viruses, to comprehend disease transmission and pathogenesis, and to understand the biology of vectors and their role in transmission. The rapid progress in molecular biologic techniques also helped resolve many virologic puzzles and yielded highly valuable data hitherto unavailable, such as characterization of virus receptors, the genetic basis of vertebrate resistance to viral infection, and phylogenetic evidence of the history of host range shifts in arboviruses. However, glaring gaps in knowledge of many critical subjects, such as the mechanism of viral persistence and the existence of vertebrate reservoirs, are still evident. Furthermore, with the accumulated data, new questions were raised, such as evolutionary directions of virus virulence and of host range. Although many fundamental questions on the evolution of this unique mode of transmission remained unresolved in the absence of a fossil record, available observations for arboviruses and the information derived from studies in other fields of the biological sciences suggested convergent evolution as a plausible process. Overall, discussion of the diverse range of theories proposed and observations made by many investigators was found to be highly valuable for sorting out the possible mechanism(s) of the emergence of arboviral diseases.

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Section: Direct Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Transmission of Arboviruses: Reexamination of and New Insights into Components, Mechanisms, and Unique Traits as Well as Their Evolutionary Trends

2005

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“…A positive bovine serum, with a neutralizing titer of 4.05 TCID 50 (expressed as the reciprocal logarithm of the dilution) to both VSNJV and VSIV (kindly provided by Dr. Guillermo Suarez Restrepo, VECOL SA, Bogotá), and a negative opossum serum that had previously been shown to be negative for the presence of antibodies against VSNJV, were also included in each test as positive and negative controls, respectively, for the serum neutralization tests. Serum samples were considered positive if the antibody titer was $32 (Cuartas and Muñ oz, 2003;Nunamaker et al, 2003) In order to determine the susceptibility of the possum's offspring to VSNJV, two out of the three offspring from one of the females (5SM) were subcutaneously inoculated with 10 6.5 TCID 50 of VSNJV in a 40-ml volume; a third one was used as a negative control. Inoculated animals were observed for 7 days.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Infection of Didelphis Marsupialis With Vesicular Stomatitis New Jersey Virus

Trujillo

Rodrı́guez

Rodas

et al. 2010

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Although vesicular stomatitis has been present for many years in the Americas, many aspects of its natural history remain undefined. In this study, we challenged five adult Virginia opossums (Didelphis marsupialis) with vesicular stomatitis New Jersey serotype virus (VSNJV). Opossums had no detectable antibodies against VSNJV prior to being inoculated with 10 6.5 median tissue culture infective doses (TCID 50 ) of VSNJV by two routes; intraepithelial/subepithelial (IE/ SE) inoculation and scarification in the muzzle (SM). Clinical response was monitored daily and animals were tested for viral shedding. All infected animals developed vesicles and ulcers on the tongue and inflammation of the nasal alar folds. Virus was isolated from esophagus-pharynx, nasal, and from ocular swabs and lesions samples. The failure to detect viremia in these animals indicates that a source other than blood may be required for transmission to insect vectors. Our results suggest that D. marsupialis could play a role in the maintenance of VSNJV outside of domestic animal populations and could provide a model to study vesicular stomatitis virus pathogenesis.

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“…Although research has traditionally focused on these hematophagous insects as important VSV vectors, the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius) was recently shown to be an efficient amplifying reservoir and a possible mechanical vector for VSV (10). M. sanguinipes is distributed in North America from Alaska to Mexico and from coast to coast.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Grasshoppers are typically ingested by grazing animals when they are immobile during one of five molting stages. It is estimated that grazing cattle consume approximately 50 of these molting grasshoppers per day (10). In a previous study, grasshoppers were shown to amplify ingested VSV as much as 1,400-fold and to maintain high virus titers for at least 28 days (10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is estimated that grazing cattle consume approximately 50 of these molting grasshoppers per day (10). In a previous study, grasshoppers were shown to amplify ingested VSV as much as 1,400-fold and to maintain high virus titers for at least 28 days (10). The route of VSV entry into cattle eating the infected grasshoppers was via scarifications on the tongue and gums, typically seen in cattle on rangeland pastures.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infection ofMelanoplus sanguinipesGrasshoppers following Ingestion of Rangeland Plant Species Harboring Vesicular Stomatitis Virus

Drolet

Stuart

Derner³

2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Could Serve as Reservoirs and Vectors of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus

Cited by 34 publications

References 29 publications

Biological Transmission of Arboviruses: Reexamination of and New Insights into Components, Mechanisms, and Unique Traits as Well as Their Evolutionary Trends

Biological Transmission of Arboviruses: Reexamination of and New Insights into Components, Mechanisms, and Unique Traits as Well as Their Evolutionary Trends

Experimental Infection of Didelphis Marsupialis With Vesicular Stomatitis New Jersey Virus

Infection ofMelanoplus sanguinipesGrasshoppers following Ingestion of Rangeland Plant Species Harboring Vesicular Stomatitis Virus

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